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As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to legal domain-specific tasks, evaluating their ability to perform legal work in real-world settings has become essential. However, existing legal benchmarks rely on simplified and…

Benchmarks are the de facto standard for tracking progress in large language models (LLMs), yet static test sets can rapidly saturate, become vulnerable to contamination, and are costly to refresh. Scalable evaluation of open-ended items…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yandan Zheng , Haoran Luo , Zhenghong Lin , Wenjin Liu , Luu Anh Tuan

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong potential as autonomous agents, with promising capabilities in reasoning, tool use, and sequential decision-making. While prior benchmarks have evaluated LLM agents in various domains, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yanxu Chen , Zijun Yao , Yantao Liu , Amy Xin , Jin Ye , Jianing Yu , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li

Large language models (LLMs) are helping millions of users write texts about diverse issues, and in doing so expose users to different ideas and perspectives. This creates concerns about issue bias, where an LLM tends to present just one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Paul Röttger , Musashi Hinck , Valentin Hofmann , Kobi Hackenburg , Valentina Pyatkin , Faeze Brahman , Dirk Hovy

Large language models (LLMs) have advanced conversational AI assistants. However, systematically evaluating how well these assistants apply personalization--adapting to individual user preferences while completing tasks--remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Zheng Zhao , Clara Vania , Subhradeep Kayal , Naila Khan , Shay B. Cohen , Emine Yilmaz

The advancement of large language model (LLM) based agents has shifted AI evaluation from single-turn response assessment to multi-step task completion in interactive environments. We present an empirical study evaluating frontier AI models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Logan Ritchie , Sushant Mehta , Nick Heiner , Mason Yu , Edwin Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) based autonomous agents demonstrate multifaceted capabilities to contribute substantially to economic production. However, existing benchmarks remain focused on single agentic capability, failing to capture…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Keyu Li , Junhao Shi , Yang Xiao , Mohan Jiang , Jie Sun , Yunze Wu , Dayuan Fu , Shijie Xia , Xiaojie Cai , Tianze Xu , Weiye Si , Wenjie Li , Dequan Wang , Pengfei Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as scientific AI as- sistants, and a growing body of benchmarks evaluates their capabilities across knowledge retrieval, reasoning, code generation, and tool use. These evaluations,…

The LLM Agent, equipped with a code interpreter, is capable of automatically solving real-world coding tasks, such as data analysis and image editing. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on either simplistic tasks, such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Yaolun Zhang , Yinxu Pan , Yudong Wang , Jie Cai

As LLM-based agents increasingly rely on external tools, it is important to evaluate their ability to sustain tool-grounded reasoning beyond familiar workflows and short-range interactions. We introduce AgentEscapeBench, an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Zhengkang Guo , Yiyang Li , Lin Qiu , Xiaohua Wang , Jingwen Xv , Dongyu Ru , Xiaoyu Li , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuezhi Cao , Xunliang Cai

Current language models (LMs) excel at reasoning over prompts using pre-trained knowledge. However, real-world tasks are far more complex and context-dependent: models must learn from task-specific context and leverage new knowledge beyond…

Thinking LLMs solve complex tasks at the expense of increased compute and overthinking on simpler problems, while non-thinking LLMs are faster and cheaper but underthink on harder reasoning problems. This has led to the development of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Pranjal Aggarwal , Seungone Kim , Jack Lanchantin , Sean Welleck , Jason Weston , Ilia Kulikov , Swarnadeep Saha

Reasoning abilities of LLMs have been a key focus in recent years. One challenging reasoning domain with interesting nuances is legal reasoning, which requires careful application of rules, and precedents while balancing deductive and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Venkatesh Mishra , Bimsara Pathiraja , Mihir Parmar , Sat Chidananda , Jayanth Srinivasa , Gaowen Liu , Ali Payani , Chitta Baral

Despite impressive advances in large language models (LLMs), existing benchmarks often focus on single-turn or single-step tasks, failing to capture the kind of iterative reasoning required in real-world settings. To address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yiran Zhang , Mo Wang , Xiaoyang Li , Kaixuan Ren , Chencheng Zhu , Usman Naseem

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress, surpassing human performance on several benchmarks in domains such as mathematics and coding. A key driver of this progress has been the development of benchmark datasets. In…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-03-06 Issa Sugiura , Takashi Ishida , Taro Makino , Chieko Tazuke , Takanori Nakagawa , Kosuke Nakago , David Ha

LLM-based reasoning models have enabled the development of agentic systems that act as co-scientists, assisting in multi-step scientific analysis. However, evaluating these systems is challenging, as it requires realistic, end-to-end…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Siba Smarak Panigrahi , Jovana Videnović , Maria Brbić

Large Language Models (LLMs) with agentic web search capabilities show strong potential for tasks requiring real-time information access and complex fact retrieval, yet evaluating such systems remains challenging. We introduce \bench, a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yunfan Zhang , Kathleen McKeown , Smaranda Muresan

We investigate the predictability of large language model (LLM) capabilities: given records of past experiments using different model families, numbers of parameters, tasks, and numbers of in-context examples, can we accurately predict LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Qinyuan Ye , Harvey Yiyun Fu , Xiang Ren , Robin Jia

This resource paper addresses the challenge of evaluating Information Retrieval (IR) systems in the era of autoregressive Large Language Models (LLMs). Traditional methods relying on passage-level judgments are no longer effective due to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Laura Dietz

The most cited calibration result in deep learning -- post-temperature-scaling ECE of 0.012 on CIFAR-100 (Guo et al., 2017) -- is below the statistical noise floor. We prove this is not a failure of the experiment but a law: the minimax…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jason Z Wang