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The goal of this work is to shed light on the remarkable phenomenon of transition to linearity of certain neural networks as their width approaches infinity. We show that the transition to linearity of the model and, equivalently, constancy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Chaoyue Liu , Libin Zhu , Mikhail Belkin

The Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) is the wide-network limit of a kernel defined using neural networks at initialization, whose embedding is the gradient of the output of the network with respect to its parameters. We study the "after kernel",…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Philip M. Long

Modern neural networks are often regarded as complex black-box functions whose behavior is difficult to understand owing to their nonlinear dependence on the data and the nonconvexity in their loss landscapes. In this work, we show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Wei Hu , Lechao Xiao , Ben Adlam , Jeffrey Pennington

Decentralized federated learning (DFL) is a collaborative machine learning framework for training a model across participants without a central server or raw data exchange. DFL faces challenges due to statistical heterogeneity, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Gabriel Thompson , Kai Yue , Chau-Wai Wong , Huaiyu Dai

Contrastive learning is a paradigm for learning representations from unlabelled data that has been highly successful for image and text data. Several recent works have examined contrastive losses to claim that contrastive models effectively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Gautham Govind Anil , Pascal Esser , Debarghya Ghoshdastidar

A quantum neural network (QNN) is a parameterized mapping efficiently implementable on near-term Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers. It can be used for supervised learning when combined with classical gradient-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-28 Xuchen You , Shouvanik Chakrabarti , Boyang Chen , Xiaodi Wu

This work presents a novel means for understanding learning dynamics and scaling relations in neural networks. We show that certain measures on the spectrum of the empirical neural tangent kernel, specifically entropy and trace, yield…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Samuel Tovey , Sven Krippendorf , Michael Spannowsky , Konstantin Nikolaou , Christian Holm

In training a neural network with gradient descent (GD), each iteration induces a linear operator that governs first-order updates to a model's internal state variables. We define this operator as the Global Empirical Neural Tangent Kernel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 James Hazelden , Laura Driscoll , Eli Shlizerman , Eric Shea-Brown

A soft tree is an actively studied variant of a decision tree that updates splitting rules using the gradient method. Although soft trees can take various architectures, their impact is not theoretically well known. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Ryuichi Kanoh , Mahito Sugiyama

The Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) characterizes the behavior of infinitely-wide neural networks trained under least squares loss by gradient descent. Recent works also report that NTK regression can outperform finitely-wide neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Amir Zandieh , Insu Han , Haim Avron , Neta Shoham , Chaewon Kim , Jinwoo Shin

Past decades have witnessed a great interest in the distinction and connection between neural network learning and kernel learning. Recent advancements have made theoretical progress in connecting infinite-wide neural networks and Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Shao-Qun Zhang , Zong-Yi Chen , Yong-Ming Tian , Xun Lu

In this paper, we study the neural tangent kernel (NTK) for general partial differential equations (PDEs) based on physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). As we all know, the training of an artificial neural network can be converted to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-10 Zijian Zhou , Zhenya Yan

The performance of the data-dependent neural tangent kernel (NTK; Jacot et al. (2018)) associated with a trained deep neural network (DNN) often matches or exceeds that of the full network. This implies that DNN training via gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Johannes Schwab , Bryan Kelly , Semyon Malamud , Teng Andrea Xu

This paper demonstrates that in classification problems, fully connected neural networks (FCNs) and residual neural networks (ResNets) cannot be approximated by kernel logistic regression based on the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Zixiong Yu , Songtao Tian , Guhan Chen

The underlying mechanism of neural networks in capturing precise knowledge has been the subject of consistent research efforts. In this work, we propose a theoretical approach based on Neural Tangent Kernels (NTKs) to investigate such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Xiaobing Sun , Jiaxi Li , Wei Lu

A theory of neural networks (NNs) built upon collective variables would provide scientists with the tools to better understand the learning process at every stage. In this work, we introduce two such variables, the entropy and the trace of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Samuel Tovey , Sven Krippendorf , Konstantin Nikolaou , Christian Holm

Despite their immense promise in performing a variety of learning tasks, a theoretical understanding of the limitations of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has so far eluded practitioners. This is partly due to the inability to determine the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Saad Qadeer , Andrew Engel , Amanda Howard , Adam Tsou , Max Vargas , Panos Stinis , Tony Chiang

While random Fourier features are a classic tool in kernel methods, their utility as a pre-processing step for deep learning on tabular data has been largely overlooked. Motivated by shortcomings in tabular deep learning pipelines -…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Renat Sergazinov , Jing Wu , Shao-An Yin

Small generalization errors of over-parameterized neural networks (NNs) can be partially explained by the frequency biasing phenomenon, where gradient-based algorithms minimize the low-frequency misfit before reducing the high-frequency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Annan Yu , Yunan Yang , Alex Townsend

The Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) viewpoint is widely employed to analyze the training dynamics of overparameterized Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs). However, unlike the case of linear Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), we show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Andrea Bonfanti , Giuseppe Bruno , Cristina Cipriani