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Large language models (LLMs) deliver impressive capabilities but incur substantial inference latency and cost, which hinders their deployment in latency-sensitive and resource-constrained scenarios. Cloud-edge-device collaborative inference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Haoyu Qiao , Hao Zhang , Shanwen Mao , Siyao Cheng , Jie Liu

Large language models (LLMs) excel in most NLP tasks but also require expensive cloud servers for deployment due to their size, while smaller models that can be deployed on lower cost (e.g., edge) devices, tend to lag behind in terms of…

Serving generative inference of the large language model is a crucial component of contemporary AI applications. This paper focuses on deploying such services in a heterogeneous and cross-datacenter setting to mitigate the substantial…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Youhe Jiang , Ran Yan , Xiaozhe Yao , Yang Zhou , Beidi Chen , Binhang Yuan

The use of containers in cloud architectures has become widespread because of advantages such as limited overhead, easier and faster deployment and higher portability. Moreover, they are a suitable architectural solution for deployment of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Carlos Guerrero , Isaac Lera , Carlos Juiz

Recent progress in Language Models (LMs) has dramatically advanced the field of natural language processing (NLP), excelling at tasks like text generation, summarization, and question answering. However, their inference remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Adarsh Prasad Behera , Jaya Prakash Champati , Roberto Morabito , Sasu Tarkoma , James Gross

Deploying large language models (LLMs) in edge-cloud environments requires an efficient routing strategy to balance cost and response quality. Traditional approaches prioritize either human-preference data or accuracy metrics from benchmark…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Tuo Zhang , Asal Mehradfar , Dimitrios Dimitriadis , Salman Avestimehr

Algorithms developed for scheduling applications on heterogeneous multiprocessor system focus on asingle objective such as execution time, cost or total data transmission time. However, if more than oneobjective (e.g. execution cost and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-04-11 M. Rathna Devi , A. Anju

Large language model (LLM) agents at the network edge offer low-latency execution for routine queries. In contrast, complex requests often require the superior capability of cloud models, incurring higher latency and cost. To navigate this…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Yuxuan Chen , Rongpeng Li , Xianfu Chen , Celimuge Wu , Chenghui Peng , Zhifeng Zhao , Honggang Zhang

Cloud computing is one of the most used distributed systems for data processing and data storage. Due to the continuous increase in the size of the data processed by cloud computing, scheduling multiple tasks to maintain efficiency while…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Mahdi Manavi , Yunpeng Zhang , Guoning Chen

Large Language Model (LLM) workloads have distinct prefill and decode phases with different compute and memory requirements which should ideally be accounted for when scheduling input queries across different LLM instances in a cluster.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Kunal Jain , Anjaly Parayil , Ankur Mallick , Esha Choukse , Xiaoting Qin , Jue Zhang , Íñigo Goiri , Rujia Wang , Chetan Bansal , Victor Rühle , Anoop Kulkarni , Steve Kofsky , Saravan Rajmohan

The past few years has witnessed specialized large language model (LLM) inference systems, such as vLLM, SGLang, Mooncake, and DeepFlow, alongside rapid LLM adoption via services like ChatGPT. Driving these system design efforts is the…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-06-30 James Pan , Guoliang Li

In recent times, the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has resulted in increasingly larger model size, posing challenges for inference on low-resource devices. Prior approaches have explored offloading to facilitate low-memory…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Xuanlei Zhao , Bin Jia , Haotian Zhou , Ziming Liu , Shenggan Cheng , Yang You

Large language models have demonstrated extraordinary performance in many AI tasks but are expensive to use, even after training, due to their requirement of high-end GPUs. Recently, a distributed system called PETALS was developed to lower…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Tingyang Sun , Ting He , Bo Ji , Parimal Parag

Large Language Model (LLM) inference on large-scale systems is expected to dominate future cloud infrastructures. Efficient LLM inference in cloud environments with numerous AI accelerators is challenging, necessitating extensive…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Ilias Bournias , Lukas Cavigelli , Georgios Zacharopoulos

Large language model (LLM) routers improve the efficiency of multi-model systems by directing each query to the most appropriate model while leveraging the diverse strengths of heterogeneous LLMs. Most existing approaches frame routing as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Canbin Huang , Tianyuan Shi , Yuhua Zhu , Ruijun Chen , Xiaojun Quan

We study the problem of routing queries to large language models (LLMs) under cost, GPU resources, and concurrency constraints. Prior per-query routing methods often fail to control batch-level cost, especially under non-uniform or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Jelena Markovic-Voronov , Kayhan Behdin , Yuanda Xu , Zhengze Zhou , Zhipeng Wang , Rahul Mazumder

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) with varying capabilities and costs has created a need for efficient model selection in AI systems. LLM routers address this need by dynamically choosing the most suitable model for a given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Zesen Zhao , Shuowei Jin , Z. Morley Mao

The integration of wireless communications and Large Language Models (LLMs) is poised to unlock ubiquitous intelligent services, yet deploying them in wireless edge-device collaborative environments presents a critical trade-off between…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Rui Bao , Nan Xue , Yaping Sun , Zhiyong Chen

The scaling of inference computation has unlocked the potential of long-context large language models (LLMs) across diverse settings. For knowledge-intensive tasks, the increased compute is often allocated to incorporate more external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Zhenrui Yue , Honglei Zhuang , Aijun Bai , Kai Hui , Rolf Jagerman , Hansi Zeng , Zhen Qin , Dong Wang , Xuanhui Wang , Michael Bendersky

Emerging intelligent service scenarios in 6G communication impose stringent requirements for low latency, high reliability, and privacy preservation. Generative large language models (LLMs) are gradually becoming key enablers for the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Pengyan Zhu , Tingting Yang
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