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Recent advances in text-based large language models (LLMs), particularly in the GPT series and the o1 model, have demonstrated the effectiveness of scaling both training-time and inference-time compute. However, current state-of-the-art TTS…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-25 Zhen Ye , Xinfa Zhu , Chi-Min Chan , Xinsheng Wang , Xu Tan , Jiahe Lei , Yi Peng , Haohe Liu , Yizhu Jin , Zheqi Dai , Hongzhan Lin , Jianyi Chen , Xingjian Du , Liumeng Xue , Yunlin Chen , Zhifei Li , Lei Xie , Qiuqiang Kong , Yike Guo , Wei Xue

Test-time scaling (TTS) has been shown to improve the performance of large language models (LLMs) by sampling and aggregating diverse reasoning paths. However, existing research has overlooked a critical issue: selection bias of reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Zongqian Wu , Baoduo Xu , Tianyu Li , Zhu Sun , Xiaofeng Zhu , Lei Feng

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, existing approaches mainly rely on imitation learning and struggle to achieve effective test-time scaling. While reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Zhenyu Hou , Xin Lv , Rui Lu , Jiajie Zhang , Yujiang Li , Zijun Yao , Juanzi Li , Jie Tang , Yuxiao Dong

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to estimate a learner's evolving mastery based on interaction histories. Recent studies have explored Large Language Models (LLMs) for KT via autoregressive nature, but such approaches typically require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Unggi Lee , Joo Young Kim , Ran Ju , Minyoung Jung , Jeyeon Eo

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on long-form, multi-step reasoning to solve complex tasks such as mathematical problem solving and scientific question answering. Despite strong performance, existing confidence estimation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zhenjiang Mao , Anirudhh Venkat , Artem Bisliouk , Akshat Kothiyal , Sindhura Kumbakonam Subramanian , Saithej Singhu , Ivan Ruchkin

Test-time scaling (TTS) techniques can improve the performance of large language models (LLMs) at the expense of additional computation and latency. While TTS has proven effective in formal domains such as mathematics and programming, its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Davide Romano , Jonathan Schwarz , Daniele Giofré

Test-time training (TTT) adapts model parameters on unlabeled test instances during inference time, which continuously extends capabilities beyond the reach of offline training. Despite initial gains, existing TTT methods for LRMs plateau…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Qingyang Zhang , Xinke Kong , Haitao Wu , Qinghua Hu , Minghao Wu , Baosong Yang , Yu Cheng , Yun Luo , Ganqu Cui , Changqing Zhang

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) improves the reasoning performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by allocating additional compute during inference. We conduct a structured survey of TTS methods and categorize them into sampling-based,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Ho-Lam Chung , Teng-Yun Hsiao , Hsiao-Ying Huang , Chunerh Cho , Jian-Ren Lin , Zhang Ziwei , Yun-Nung Chen

Inducing reasoning in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) is critical for achieving human-level perception and understanding. Existing methods mainly leverage LLM reasoning to analyze parsed visuals, often limited by static perception…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Ziang Yan , Xinhao Li , Yinan He , Zhengrong Yue , Xiangyu Zeng , Yali Wang , Yu Qiao , Limin Wang , Yi Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer promising capabilities for tackling complex reasoning tasks, including optimization problems. However, existing methods either rely on prompt engineering, which leads to poor generalization across problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Dong Li , Xujiang Zhao , Linlin Yu , Yanchi Liu , Wei Cheng , Zhengzhang Chen , Zhong Chen , Feng Chen , Chen Zhao , Haifeng Chen

Large language models (LLMs) can improve reasoning at inference time through test-time scaling (TTS), where multiple reasoning traces are generated and the best one is selected. Prior work shows that increasing the number of samples K…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Yuheng Wu , Azalia Mirhoseini , Thierry Tambe

The current focus of AI research is shifting from emphasizing model training towards enhancing evaluation quality, a transition that is crucial for driving further advancements in AI systems. Traditional evaluation methods typically rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Chi-Min Chan , Chunpu Xu , Jiaming Ji , Zhen Ye , Pengcheng Wen , Chunyang Jiang , Yaodong Yang , Wei Xue , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Inspired by the success of language models (LM), scaling up deep learning recommendation systems (DLRS) has become a recent trend in the community. All previous methods tend to scale up the model parameters during training time. However,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Fuyuan Lyu , Zhentai Chen , Jingyan Jiang , Lingjie Li , Xing Tang , Xiuqiang He , Xue Liu

Despite advances in reinforcement learning (RL)-based video reasoning with large language models (LLMs), data collection and fine-tuning remain significant challenges. These methods often rely on large-scale supervised fine-tuning (SFT)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Ziyang Wang , Jaehong Yoon , Shoubin Yu , Md Mohaiminul Islam , Gedas Bertasius , Mohit Bansal

Fact-checking real-world claims, particularly numerical claims, is inherently complex that require multistep reasoning and numerical reasoning for verifying diverse aspects of the claim. Although large language models (LLMs) including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Primakov Chungkham , V Venktesh , Vinay Setty , Avishek Anand

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable emergent capabilities through extensive pre-training, they still face critical limitations in generalizing to specialized domains and handling diverse linguistic variations, known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jinwu Hu , Zhitian Zhang , Guohao Chen , Xutao Wen , Chao Shuai , Wei Luo , Bin Xiao , Yuanqing Li , Mingkui Tan

Recent advances in inference-time scaling, particularly those leveraging reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards, have substantially enhanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). Inspired by this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Yifan Li , Zhenghao Chen , Ziheng Wu , Kun Zhou , Ruipu Luo , Can Zhang , Zhentao He , Yufei Zhan , Wayne Xin Zhao , Minghui Qiu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in complex reasoning tasks through both post-training and test-time scaling laws. While prevalent test-time scaling approaches are often realized by using external reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fuxiang Zhang , Jiacheng Xu , Chaojie Wang , Ce Cui , Yang Liu , Bo An

Inference-time compute has re-emerged as a practical way to improve LLM reasoning. Most test-time scaling (TTS) algorithms rely on autoregressive decoding, which is ill-suited to discrete diffusion language models (dLLMs) due to their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Jinbin Bai , Yixuan Li , Yuchen Zhu , Yi Xin , Qingyu Shi , Aosong Feng , Xiaohong Liu , Molei Tao , Jianru Xue , Xiangtai Li , Ming-Hsuan Yang

Test-time scaling (TTS) improves large language models (LLMs) by allocating additional compute at inference time. In practice, TTS is often achieved through parallel scaling: generating multiple candidate responses and selecting the best…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Divya Shyamal , Marta Knežević , Lan Tran , Chanakya Ekbote , Vijay Lingam , Paul Pu Liang