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We analyze the risks to bank intermediation following the introduction of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) competing with commercial bank deposits as households' source of liquidity. We revisit the result in the literature regarding…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-06-17 Hanfeng Chen , Maria Elena Filippin

We analyse financial stability and welfare impacts associated with the introduction of a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in a macroeconomic agent-based model. The model considers firms, banks, and households interacting on labour,…

General Economics · Economics 2025-10-29 Emilio Barucci , Andrea Gurgone , Giulia Iori , Michele Azzone

Nations around the world are conducting research into the design of central bank digital currency (CBDC), a new, digital form of money that would be issued by central banks alongside cash and central bank reserves. Retail CBDC would be used…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Geoffrey Goodell , Hazem Danny Al-Nakib , Tomaso Aste

Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) have been implemented by only a handful of countries, but they are being explored by many more. CBDCs are digital currencies issued and backed by a central bank. Consumer trust can encourage or…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Alex Zarifis , Xusen Cheng

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is an emerging trend in digital payments, with the vast majority of central banks around the world researching, piloting, or even operating a digital version of cash. While design choices differ broadly,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Lars Hupel , Makan Rafiee

The fast-growing, market-driven demand for cryptocurrencies worries central banks, as their monetary policy could be completely undermined. Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) could offer a solution, yet our understanding of their…

General Economics · Economics 2022-11-02 Kilian Wenker

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is a novel form of money that could be issued and regulated by central banks, offering benefits such as programmability, security, and privacy. However, the design of a CBDC system presents numerous…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ryan Bowler , Geoffrey Goodell , Joe Revans , Gabriel Bizama , Chris Speed

This study explores the potential impact of introducing a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) on financial stability in an emerging dual-currency economy (Romania), where the domestic currency (RON) coexists with the euro. It develops an…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-12-16 Catalin Dumitrescu

The use of digital money has become increasingly popular, but it comes with certain drawbacks. For instance, it can be challenging to make payments during power outages or internet failures. Additionally, some groups may find it difficult…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Chenhang Zhou , Yu Chen , Roger Wattenhofer , Ye Wang

With the advancement of digital payment technologies, central banks worldwide have increasingly begun to explore the implementation of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest…

General Economics · Economics 2025-07-15 Qifeng Tang , Yain-Whar Si

The current crisis, at the time of writing, has had a profound impact on the financial world, introducing the need for creative approaches to revitalising the economy at the micro level as well as the macro level. In this informal analysis…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Geoffrey Goodell , Hazem Danny Al-Nakib , Paolo Tasca

In this work, fundamental design principles for a central bank digital currency (CBDC) with an offline functionality and corresponding counter measures are discussed. We identify three major objectives for any such CBDC proposal:(i) Access…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 David-Alexandre Guiraud , Andrea Tundis , Marc Winstel

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) can be defined as a virtual currency based on node network and digital encryption algorithm issued by a country which has a legal credit protection. CBDCs are supported by Distributed Ledger Technologies…

With the emergence of Bitcoin and recently proposed stablecoins from BigTechs, such as Diem (formerly Libra), central banks face growing competition from private actors offering their own digital alternative to physical cash. We do not…

General Economics · Economics 2021-03-02 David Chaum , Christian Grothoff , Thomas Moser

In this paper, we use a variety of machine learning methods to quantify the extent to which economic and technological factors are predictive of the progression of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC) within a country, using as our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Toshiko Matsui , Daniel Perez

This paper takes the development of Central bank digital currencies as a perspective, introduces it into the Baumol-Tobin money demand theoretical framework, establishes the transactional money demand model under Central bank Digital…

General Economics · Economics 2024-01-15 Ruimin Song , Tiantian Zhao , Chunhui Zhou

The People's Bank of China (PBOC) has launched an ambitious project to develop a digital currency for use in domestic, retail transactions, and is, by far, the most advanced globally in this regard. In addition to involving a diverse set of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Geoffrey Goodell , Hazem Danny Al Nakib

Money is more than just a numeric value. It embodies trust and moral gravity, and it offers flexible ways to transact. However, the emergence of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is set to bring about a drastic change in the future of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Ryan Bowler , Chris Speed , Geoffrey Goodell

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is a new form of money, issued by a country's or region's central bank, that can be used for a variety of payment scenarios. Depending on its concrete implementation, there are many participants in a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Makan Rafiee , Lars Hupel

This paper examines how household-targeted government policies influence financial market participation conditional on financial literacy, focusing on potential Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) adoption. Due to the lack of empirical…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-02-23 Maria Elena Filippin
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