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Automatically evaluating multimodal generation presents a significant challenge, as automated metrics often struggle to align reliably with human evaluation, especially for complex tasks that involve multiple modalities. To address this, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jihan Yao , Yushi Hu , Yujie Yi , Bin Han , Shangbin Feng , Guang Yang , Bingbing Wen , Ranjay Krishna , Lucy Lu Wang , Yulia Tsvetkov , Noah A. Smith , Banghua Zhu

Multimodal learning plays a pivotal role in advancing artificial intelligence systems by incorporating information from multiple modalities to build a more comprehensive representation. Despite its importance, current state-of-the-art…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Giordano Cicchetti , Eleonora Grassucci , Danilo Comminiello

Multimodal models are expected to be a critical component to future advances in artificial intelligence. This field is starting to grow rapidly with a surge of new design elements motivated by the success of foundation models in natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Sai Munikoti , Ian Stewart , Sameera Horawalavithana , Henry Kvinge , Tegan Emerson , Sandra E Thompson , Karl Pazdernik

Current unified multimodal models typically rely on discrete visual tokenizers to bridge the modality gap. However, discretization inevitably discards fine-grained semantic information, leading to suboptimal performance in visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Yaqi Zhao , Wang Lin , Zijian Zhang , Miles Yang , Jingyuan Chen , Wentao Zhang , Zhao Zhong , Liefeng Bo

In recent years, soft prompt learning methods have been proposed to fine-tune large-scale vision-language pre-trained models for various downstream tasks. These methods typically combine learnable textual tokens with class tokens as input…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Yingjie Tian , Yiqi Wang , Xianda Guo , Zheng Zhu , Long Chen

Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) play a crucial role in fostering deep thinking and knowledge integration in education. However, previous research has primarily focused on generating MCQs with textual options, but it largely overlooks the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Wanqiang Wang , Longzhu He , Wei Zheng

The natural world is abundant with concepts expressed via visual, acoustic, tactile, and linguistic modalities. Much of the existing progress in multimodal learning, however, focuses primarily on problems where the same set of modalities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Paul Pu Liang , Peter Wu , Liu Ziyin , Louis-Philippe Morency , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Multimodal representation learning is fundamentally about transforming incomparable modalities into comparable representations. While prior research primarily focused on explicitly aligning these representations through targeted learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Megan Tjandrasuwita , Chanakya Ekbote , Liu Ziyin , Paul Pu Liang

Multimodal information processing has become increasingly important for enhancing image classification performance. However, the intricate and implicit dependencies across different modalities often hinder conventional methods from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yang Qiao , Xiaoyu Zhong , Xiaofeng Gu , Zhiguo Yu

Modality representation learning is an important problem for multimodal sentiment analysis (MSA), since the highly distinguishable representations can contribute to improving the analysis effect. Previous works of MSA have usually focused…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Peipei Liu , Xin Zheng , Hong Li , Jie Liu , Yimo Ren , Hongsong Zhu , Limin Sun

Image-text multimodal representation learning aligns data across modalities and enables important medical applications, e.g., image classification, visual grounding, and cross-modal retrieval. In this work, we establish a connection between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Peiqi Wang , William M. Wells , Seth Berkowitz , Steven Horng , Polina Golland

In recent years, Multimodal Emotion Recognition (MER) has made substantial progress. Nevertheless, most existing approaches neglect the semantic inconsistencies that may arise across modalities, such as conflicting emotional cues between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Guowei Zhong , Junjie Li , Huaiyu Zhu , Ruohong Huan , Yun Pan

In multimedia applications, the text and image components in a web document form a pairwise constraint that potentially indicates the same semantic concept. This paper studies cross-modal learning via the pairwise constraint, and aims to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Ran He , Man Zhang , Liang Wang , Ye Ji , Qiyue Yin

With the exponential surge in diverse multi-modal data, traditional uni-modal retrieval methods struggle to meet the needs of users seeking access to data across various modalities. To address this, cross-modal retrieval has emerged,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Tianshi Wang , Fengling Li , Lei Zhu , Jingjing Li , Zheng Zhang , Heng Tao Shen

The multimodal relevance metric is usually borrowed from the embedding ability of pretrained contrastive learning models for bimodal data, which is used to evaluate the correlation between cross-modal data (e.g., CLIP). However, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zhicheng Du , Qingyang Shi , Jiasheng Lu , Yingshan Liang , Xinyu Zhang , Yiran Wang , Peiwu Qin

Recent developments in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown rapid progress, moving towards the goal of creating versatile MLLMs that understand inputs from various modalities. However, existing methods typically rely on joint…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Chi Chen , Yiyang Du , Zheng Fang , Ziyue Wang , Fuwen Luo , Peng Li , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang , Maosong Sun , Yang Liu

Prompt tuning, like CoOp, has recently shown promising vision recognizing and transfer learning ability on various downstream tasks with the emergence of large pre-trained vision-language models like CLIP. However, we identify that existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Yongzhu Miao , Shasha Li , Jintao Tang , Ting Wang

Multimodal semantic communication has gained widespread attention due to its ability to enhance downstream task performance. A key challenge in such systems is the effective fusion of features from different modalities, which requires the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Haoshuo Zhang , Yufei Bo , Hongwei Zhang , Meixia Tao

Multimodal contrastive learning is a methodology for linking different data modalities; the canonical example is linking image and text data. The methodology is typically framed as the identification of a set of encoders, one for each…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-02 Ricardo Baptista , Andrew M. Stuart , Son Tran

A major challenge in multimodal learning is the presence of noise within individual modalities. This noise inherently affects the resulting multimodal representations, especially when these representations are obtained through explicit…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Mohammad Zia Ur Rehman , Devraj Raghuvanshi , Umang Jain , Shubhi Bansal , Nagendra Kumar