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Related papers: Rethinking Memorization Measures and their Implica…

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Incremental Learning (IL) has been a long-standing problem in both vision and Natural Language Processing (NLP) communities. In recent years, as Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in various NLP downstream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Junhao Zheng , Shengjie Qiu , Qianli Ma

Large Language Models (LLMs) memorize, and thus, among huge amounts of uncontrolled data, may memorize Personally Identifiable Information (PII), which should not be stored and, consequently, not leaked. In this paper, we introduce Private…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Elena Sofia Ruzzetti , Giancarlo A. Xompero , Davide Venditti , Fabio Massimo Zanzotto

Large language models are shown to present privacy risks through memorization of training data, and several recent works have studied such risks for the pre-training phase. Little attention, however, has been given to the fine-tuning phase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Fatemehsadat Mireshghallah , Archit Uniyal , Tianhao Wang , David Evans , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick

Understanding memorisation in language models has practical and societal implications, e.g., studying models' training dynamics or preventing copyright infringements. Prior work defines memorisation as the causal effect of training with an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Pietro Lesci , Clara Meister , Thomas Hofmann , Andreas Vlachos , Tiago Pimentel

Adapting language models (LMs) to new tasks via post-training carries the risk of degrading existing capabilities -- a phenomenon classically known as catastrophic forgetting. In this paper, toward identifying guidelines for mitigating this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Howard Chen , Noam Razin , Karthik Narasimhan , Danqi Chen

While Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities, they also introduce significant safety and privacy risks. Current mitigation strategies often fail to preserve contextual reasoning capabilities in risky scenarios.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Wenbin Hu , Haoran Li , Huihao Jing , Qi Hu , Ziqian Zeng , Sirui Han , Heli Xu , Tianshu Chu , Peizhao Hu , Yangqiu Song

Quantifying the impact of individual data samples on machine learning models is an open research problem. This is particularly relevant when complex and high-dimensional relationships have to be learned from a limited sample of the data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Dmitrii Usynin , Moritz Knolle , Georgios Kaissis

There is extensive interest in metric learning methods for image retrieval. Many metric learning loss functions focus on learning a correct ranking of training samples, but strongly overfit semantically inconsistent labels and require a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Christopher Liao , Theodoros Tsiligkaridis , Brian Kulis

Memorization in language models is typically treated as a homogenous phenomenon, neglecting the specifics of the memorized data. We instead model memorization as the effect of a set of complex factors that describe each sample and relate it…

When artificial intelligence mistakes memorization for intelligence, it creates a dangerous mirage of reasoning. Existing studies treat memorization and self-knowledge deficits in LLMs as separate issues and do not recognize an intertwining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Sahil Kale

Despite their impressive performance on diverse tasks, large language models (LMs) still struggle with tasks requiring rich world knowledge, implying the limitations of relying solely on their parameters to encode a wealth of world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Alex Mallen , Akari Asai , Victor Zhong , Rajarshi Das , Daniel Khashabi , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

While fine-tuning is the standard for injecting factual knowledge into large language models (LLMs), the mechanisms enabling reliable fact recall via unseen queries remain poorly understood. Common two-stage training strategies, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ying Zhang , Benjamin Heinzerling , Dongyuan Li , Kentaro Inui

Driven by vast and diverse textual data, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across numerous natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Yet, a critical question persists: does their generalization arise from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Boxiang Ma , Ru Li , Yuanlong Wang , Hongye Tan , Xiaoli Li

While many have shown how Large Language Models (LLMs) can be applied to a diverse set of tasks, the critical issues of data contamination and memorization are often glossed over. In this work, we address this concern for tabular data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Sebastian Bordt , Harsha Nori , Vanessa Rodrigues , Besmira Nushi , Rich Caruana

While Code Language Models (CLMs) have demonstrated superior performance in software engineering tasks such as code generation and summarization, recent empirical studies reveal a critical privacy vulnerability: these models exhibit…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Zhaoyang Chu , Yao Wan , Zhikun Zhang , Di Wang , Zhou Yang , Hongyu Zhang , Pan Zhou , Xuanhua Shi , Hai Jin , David Lo

Catastrophic forgetting remains a formidable obstacle to building an omniscient model in large language models (LLMs). Despite the pioneering research on task-level forgetting in LLM fine-tuning, there is scant focus on forgetting during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Chonghua Liao , Ruobing Xie , Xingwu Sun , Haowen Sun , Zhanhui Kang

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance across a wide range of tasks, but remain frozen after pretraining until subsequent updates. Many real-world applications require timely, domain-specific information, motivating the…

We present an empirical evaluation of various outputs generated by nine of the most widely-available large language models (LLMs). Our analysis is done with off-the-shelf, readily-available tools. We find a correlation between percentage of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Adrian de Wynter , Xun Wang , Alex Sokolov , Qilong Gu , Si-Qing Chen

While many have shown how Large Language Models (LLMs) can be applied to a diverse set of tasks, the critical issues of data contamination and memorization are often glossed over. In this work, we address this concern for tabular data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Sebastian Bordt , Harsha Nori , Rich Caruana

Large language model (LLM) agents are increasingly deployed in personalized tasks involving sensitive, context-dependent information, where privacy violations may arise in agents' action due to the implicitness of contextual privacy.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yuhan Cheng , Hancheng Ye , Hai Helen Li , Jingwei Sun , Yiran Chen
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