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Communication is a critical factor for the big multi-agent world to stay organized and productive. Typically, most previous multi-agent "learning-to-communicate" studies try to predefine the communication protocols or use technologies such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-10-31 Hangyu Mao , Zhibo Gong , Yan Ni , Zhen Xiao

Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in autonomous cyber defence agents trained to defend computer networks using deep reinforcement learning. These agents are typically trained in cyber gym environments using dense, highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Elizabeth Bates , Chris Hicks , Vasilios Mavroudis

Information exchange in multi-agent systems improves the cooperation among agents, especially in partially observable settings. In the real world, communication is often carried out over imperfect channels. This requires agents to handle…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Jannis Weil , Gizem Ekinci , Heinz Koeppl , Tobias Meuser

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) comprises a broad area of research within the field of multi-agent systems. Several recent works have focused specifically on the study of communication approaches in MARL. While multiple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Rafael Pina , Varuna De Silva , Corentin Artaud , Xiaolan Liu

Existing approaches in reinforcement learning train an agent to learn desired optimal behavior in an environment with rule based surrounding agents. In safety critical applications such as autonomous driving it is crucial that the rule…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Arjun Srinivasan , Anubhav Paras , Aniket Bera

To be helpful assistants, AI agents must be aware of their own capabilities and limitations. This includes knowing when to answer from parametric knowledge versus using tools, when to trust tool outputs, and when to abstain or hedge. Such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Jacob Eisenstein , Reza Aghajani , Adam Fisch , Dheeru Dua , Fantine Huot , Mirella Lapata , Vicky Zayats , Jonathan Berant

We explore deep reinforcement learning methods for multi-agent domains. We begin by analyzing the difficulty of traditional algorithms in the multi-agent case: Q-learning is challenged by an inherent non-stationarity of the environment,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Ryan Lowe , Yi Wu , Aviv Tamar , Jean Harb , Pieter Abbeel , Igor Mordatch

Multi-agent reinforcement learning systems aim to provide interacting agents with the ability to collaboratively learn and adapt to the behaviour of other agents. In many real-world applications, the agents can only acquire a partial view…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Ozsel Kilinc , Giovanni Montana

We present an effective technique for training deep learning agents capable of negotiating on a set of clauses in a contract agreement using a simple communication protocol. We use Multi Agent Reinforcement Learning to train both agents…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-20 Vishal Sunder , Lovekesh Vig , Arnab Chatterjee , Gautam Shroff

Inter-agent communication can significantly increase performance in multi-agent tasks that require co-ordination to achieve a shared goal. Prior work has shown that it is possible to learn inter-agent communication protocols using…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Varun Kumar Vijay , Hassam Sheikh , Somdeb Majumdar , Mariano Phielipp

Communication lays the foundation for human cooperation. It is also crucial for multi-agent cooperation. However, existing work focuses on broadcast communication, which is not only impractical but also leads to information redundancy that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Ziluo Ding , Tiejun Huang , Zongqing Lu

Recent studies have demonstrated that reinforcement learning (RL) agents are susceptible to adversarial manipulation, similar to vulnerabilities previously demonstrated in the supervised learning setting. While most existing work studies…

The existing network attack and defense method can be regarded as game, but most of the game only involves network domain, not multiple domain cyberspace. To address this challenge, this paper proposed a multiple domain cyberspace attack…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Lei Zhang , Yu Pan , Yi Liu , Qibin Zheng , Zhisong Pan

Designing cyber defense systems to account for cognitive biases in human decision making has demonstrated significant success in improving performance against human attackers. However, much of the attention in this area has focused on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Tailia Malloy , Cleotilde Gonzalez

Deep reinforcement learning has been applied successfully to solve various real-world problems and the number of its applications in the multi-agent settings has been increasing. Multi-agent learning distinctly poses significant challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Ngoc Duy Nguyen , Thanh Thi Nguyen , Doug Creighton , Saeid Nahavandi

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in multi-agent systems where agents communicate in natural language to solve tasks jointly. A key capability in such systems is consensus formation, where agents iteratively exchange…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiaolin Sun , Zixuan Liu , Yibin Hu , Zizhan Zheng

For communication to happen successfully, a common language is required between agents to understand information communicated by one another. Inducing the emergence of a common language has been a difficult challenge to multi-agent learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Yat Long Lo , Biswa Sengupta

As artificial intelligence (AI) assistants become more widely adopted in safety-critical domains, it becomes important to develop safeguards against potential failures or adversarial attacks. A key prerequisite to developing these…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Abed Kareem Musaffar , Anand Gokhale , Sirui Zeng , Rasta Tadayon , Xifeng Yan , Ambuj Singh , Francesco Bullo

Addressing complex cooperative tasks in safety-critical environments poses significant challenges for multi-agent systems, especially under conditions of partial observability. We focus on a dynamic network bridging task, where agents must…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Raffaele Galliera , Konstantinos Mitsopoulos , Niranjan Suri , Raffaele Romagnoli

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) is emerging as a viable strategy for automated cyber defense (ACD). The traditional RL approach represents networks as a list of computers in various states of safety or threat. Unfortunately, these models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Isaiah J. King , Benjamin Bowman , H. Howie Huang
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