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Cryptographic protocols play a fundamental role in securing modern digital infrastructure, but they are often deployed without prior formal verification. This could lead to the adoption of distributed systems vulnerable to attack vectors.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Cristian Curaba , Denis D'Ambrosi , Alessandro Minisini , Natalia Pérez-Campanero Antolín

Despite various approaches being employed to detect vulnerabilities, the number of reported vulnerabilities shows an upward trend over the years. This suggests the problems are not caught before the code is released, which could be caused…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Karl Tamberg , Hayretdin Bahsi

While Large Language Models have transformed how we interact with AI systems, they suffer from a critical flaw: they confidently generate false information that sounds entirely plausible. This hallucination problem has become a major…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Piyushkumar Patel

Loop invariants are fundamental to reasoning about programs with loops. They establish properties about a given loop's behavior. When they additionally are inductive, they become useful for the task of formal verification that seeks to…

Software testing remains critical for ensuring reliability, yet traditional approaches are slow, costly, and prone to gaps in coverage. This paper presents an AI-driven framework that automates test case generation and validation using…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Saba Naqvi , Mohammad Baqar

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standard for modeling dynamic systems. UML behavioral state machines are used for modeling the dynamic behavior of object-oriented designs. The UML specification, maintained by the Object Management…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Étienne André , Shuang Liu , Yang Liu , Christine Choppy , Jun Sun , Jin Song Dong

Formal specification generation has recently drawn attention in software engineering as a way to improve program correctness without requiring manual annotations. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in this area, but early…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Ragib Shahariar Ayon , Shibbir Ahmed

Digitalization efforts often face a key challenge: business processes must not only be efficient in achieving their goals but also adhere to legal regulations. Business process compliance refers to aligning processes with these regulations.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Hugo A. López , Thomas T. Hildebrandt

Large language models (LLMs) can potentially help with verification using proof assistants by automating proofs. However, it is unclear how effective LLMs are in this task. In this paper, we perform a case study based on two mature Rocq…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Barış Bayazıt , Yao Li , Xujie Si

Formal Property Verification (FPV), using SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA), is crucial for ensuring the completeness of design with respect to the specification. However, writing SVA is a laborious task and has a steep learning curve. In this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Mohammad Shahidzadeh , Behnam Ghavami , Steve Wilton , Lesley Shannon

We study the generalization abilities of language models when translating natural language into formal specifications with complex semantics. In particular, we fine-tune language models on three datasets consisting of English sentences and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Christopher Hahn , Frederik Schmitt , Julia J. Tillman , Niklas Metzger , Julian Siber , Bernd Finkbeiner

Building software that is correct by construction is a long-standing goal in software engineering, as it ensures reliability during design and development rather than after deployment. Formal methods realize this vision by enabling the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hongshu Wang , Xinyue Zuo , Yuhan Sun , Qin Li , Yamine Ait Ameur , Jin Song Dong

Large Language Models (LLMs) show remarkable capabilities, yet their stochastic next-token prediction creates logical inconsistencies and reward hacking that formal symbolic systems avoid. To bridge this gap, we introduce a formal logic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Chuxue Cao , Jinluan Yang , Haoran Li , Kunhao Pan , Zijian Zhao , Zhengyu Chen , Yuchen Tian , Lijun Wu , Conghui He , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Program verifiers such as Dafny automate proofs by outsourcing them to an SMT solver. This automation is not perfect, however, and the solver often requires hints in the form of assertions, creating a burden for the proof engineer. In this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Eric Mugnier , Emmanuel Anaya Gonzalez , Ranjit Jhala , Nadia Polikarpova , Yuanyuan Zhou

Formal specifications play a central role in ensuring software reliability and correctness. However, automatically synthesizing high-quality formal specifications remains a challenging task, often requiring domain expertise. Recent work has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Md Rakib Hossain Misu , Iris Ma , Cristina V. Lopes

Formal verification techniques are widely used for detecting design flaws in software systems. Formal verification can be done by transforming an already implemented source code to a formal model and attempting to prove certain properties…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-08-28 Gyula Sallai , Ákos Hajdu , Tamás Tóth , Zoltán Micskei

As software-intensive systems face growing pressure to comply with laws and regulations, providing automated support for compliance analysis has become paramount. Despite advances in the Requirements Engineering (RE) community on legal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Shabnam Hassani , Mehrdad Sabetzadeh , Daniel Amyot , Jain Liao

Safety- and security-critical systems have to be thoroughly tested against their specifications. The state of practice is to have _natural language_ specifications, from which test cases are derived manually - a process that is slow,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Kuangxiangzi Liu , Dhiman Chakraborty , Alexander Liggesmeyer , Andreas Zeller

Recent advancements on Large Language Models (LLMs) enable AI Agents to automatically generate and execute multi-step plans to solve complex tasks. However, since LLM's content generation process is hardly controllable, current LLM-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Zelong Li , Wenyue Hua , Hao Wang , He Zhu , Yongfeng Zhang

We present a method for verifying partial correctness properties of imperative programs that manipulate integers and arrays by using techniques based on the transformation of constraint logic programs (CLP). We use CLP as a metalanguage for…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2013-09-23 Emanuele De Angelis , Fabio Fioravanti , Alberto Pettorossi , Maurizio Proietti