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This paper presents a generalization of the trajectory general optimal sub-pattern assignment (GOSPA) metric for evaluating multi-object tracking algorithms that provide trajectory estimates with track-level uncertainties. This metric…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-19 Yuxuan Xia , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Johan Karlsson , Yu Ge , Lennart Svensson , Ting Yuan

Multi-object tracking algorithms are deployed in various applications, each with different performance requirements. For example, track switches pose significant challenges for offline scene understanding, as they hinder the accuracy of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-29 Jan Krejčí , Oliver Kost , Ondřej Straka , Yuxuan Xia , Lennart Svensson , Ángel F. García-Fernández

In this paper, we propose a new metric which measures the distance between two finite sets of tracks (a track is a path of either a real or estimated target). This metric is based on the same principle as the Optimal Subpattern Assignment…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-04-17 Tuyet Vu , Rob Evans

This paper presents a probabilistic generalization of the Generalized Optimal Sub-Pattern Assignment (GOSPA) metric, termed P-GOSPA. The GOSPA metric has been widely used to evaluate the distance between finite sets, particularly in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-17 Yuxuan Xia , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Johan Karlsson , Kuo-Chu Chang , Ting Yuan , Lennart Svensson

This paper presents the generalized optimal sub-pattern assignment (GOSPA) metric on the space of finite sets of targets. Compared to the well-established optimal sub-pattern assignment (OSPA) metric, GOSPA is unnormalized as a function of…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Abu Sajana Rahmathullah , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Lennart Svensson

This paper proposes a metric for sets of trajectories to evaluate multi-object tracking algorithms that includes time-weighted costs for localisation errors of properly detected targets, for false targets, missed targets and track switches.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Ángel F. García-Fernández , Abu Sajana Rahmathullah , Lennart Svensson

This paper proposes a metric to measure the dissimilarity between graphs that may have a different number of nodes. The proposed metric extends the generalised optimal subpattern assignment (GOSPA) metric, which is a metric for sets, to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Jinhao Gu , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Robert E. Firth , Lennart Svensson

This paper presents an analysis on sensor management using a cost function based on a multi-target metric, in particular, the optimal subpattern-assignment (OSPA) metric, the unnormalised OSPA (UOSPA) metric and the generalised OSPA (GOSPA)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-09 Ángel F. García-Fernández , Marcel Hernandez , Simon Maskell

In this paper, we propose a metric on the space of finite sets of trajectories for assessing multi-target tracking algorithms in a mathematically sound way. The main use of the metric is to compare estimates of trajectories from different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Ángel F. García-Fernández , Abu Sajana Rahmathullah , Lennart Svensson

While Multi-Object Tracking (MOT) has made substantial advancements, it is limited by heavy reliance on prior knowledge and limited to predefined categories. In contrast, Generic Multiple Object Tracking (GMOT), tracking multiple objects…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Duy Le Dinh Anh , Kim Hoang Tran , Ngan Hoang Le

Multi-Object Tracking (MOT) has been notoriously difficult to evaluate. Previous metrics overemphasize the importance of either detection or association. To address this, we present a novel MOT evaluation metric, HOTA (Higher Order Tracking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Jonathon Luiten , Aljosa Osep , Patrick Dendorfer , Philip Torr , Andreas Geiger , Laura Leal-Taixe , Bastian Leibe

This paper proposes and evaluates a new metric. This metric will overcome a limitation of the Optimal Subpattern Assignment (OSPA) metric mentioned by Schuhmacher et al.: the OSPA distance between two sets of points is insensitive to the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-27 Tuyet Vu

The paper evaluates the error performance of three random finite set based multi-object trackers in the context of pedestrian video tracking. The evaluation is carried out using a publicly available video dataset of 4500 frames (town centre…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2012-11-26 Branko Ristic , Jamie Sherrah , Ángel F. García-Fernández

In multiple target tracking, it is important to be able to evaluate the performance of different tracking algorithms. The trajectory generalized optimal sub-pattern assignment metric (TGOSPA) is a recently proposed metric for such…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-23 Viktor Nevelius Wernholm , Alfred Wärnsäter , Axel Ringh

This paper is concerned with sensor management for target search and track using the generalised optimal subpattern assignment (GOSPA) metric. Utilising the GOSPA metric to predict future system performance is computationally challenging,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-19 Marcel Hernandez , Angel Garcia-Fernandez , Simon Maskell

3D Multi-object tracking (MOT) empowers mobile robots to accomplish well-informed motion planning and navigation tasks by providing motion trajectories of surrounding objects. However, existing 3D MOT methods typically employ a single…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Xiaoyu Li , Tao Xie , Dedong Liu , Jinghan Gao , Kun Dai , Zhiqiang Jiang , Lijun Zhao , Ke Wang

Object detection has long been a topic of high interest in computer vision literature. Motivated by the fact that annotating data for the multi-object tracking (MOT) problem is immensely expensive, recent studies have turned their attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Son Tran , Cong Tran , Anh Tran , Cuong Pham

Multi-object tracking (MOT) endeavors to precisely estimate the positions and identities of multiple objects over time. The prevailing approach, tracking-by-detection (TbD), first detects objects and then links detections, resulting in a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Lorenzo Vaquero , Yihong Xu , Xavier Alameda-Pineda , Victor M. Brea , Manuel Mucientes

In this project, we implement a multiple object tracker, following the tracking-by-detection paradigm, as an extension of an existing method. It works by modelling the movement of objects by solving the filtering problem, and associating…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-10-03 Samuel Murray

Multi-object tracking (MOT) is critical in numerous real-world applications, including surveillance, autonomous driving, and robotics. Accurately predicting object motion is fundamental to MOT, but current methods struggle with the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Nhat-Tan Do , Le-Huy Tu , Nhi Ngoc-Yen Nguyen , Dieu-Phuong Nguyen , Trong-Hop Do
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