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A growing body of work makes use of probing to investigate the working of neural models, often considered black boxes. Recently, an ongoing debate emerged surrounding the limitations of the probing paradigm. In this work, we point out the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Yanai Elazar , Shauli Ravfogel , Alon Jacovi , Yoav Goldberg

To collaborate well with robots, we must be able to understand their decision making. Humans naturally infer other agents' beliefs and desires by reasoning about their observable behavior in a way that resembles inverse reinforcement…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Michael S. Lee , Henny Admoni , Reid Simmons

Curriculum learning strategies in prior multi-task learning approaches arrange datasets in a difficulty hierarchy either based on human perception or by exhaustively searching the optimal arrangement. However, human perception of difficulty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Neeraj Varshney , Swaroop Mishra , Chitta Baral

Performance evaluation of various organizations especially educational institutions is a very important area of research and needs to be cultivated more. In this paper, we propose a performance evaluation for educational institutions using…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2013-08-06 Debi Prasanna Acharjya , Debarati Bhattacharjee

Estimating the quality of remote speech communication is a complex task influenced by the speaker, transmission channel, and listener. For example, the degradation of transmission quality can increase listeners' cognitive load, which can…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Robert P. Spang , Karl El Hajal , Sebastian Möller , Milos Cernak

Catastrophic interference is common in many network-based learning systems, and many proposals exist for mitigating it. Before overcoming interference we must understand it better. In this work, we provide a definition and novel measure of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Vincent Liu , Han Wang , Ruo Yu Tao , Khurram Javed , Adam White , Martha White

Reward functions are central in specifying the task we want a reinforcement learning agent to perform. Given a task and desired optimal behavior, we study the problem of designing informative reward functions so that the designed rewards…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Rati Devidze , Parameswaran Kamalaruban , Adish Singla

Human-robot collaborative assembly systems enhance the efficiency and productivity of the workplace but may increase the workers' cognitive demand. This paper proposes an online and quantitative framework to assess the cognitive workload…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Marta Lagomarsino , Marta Lorenzini , Pietro Balatti , Elena De Momi , Arash Ajoudani

In contemporary educational systems, academic performance indicators play a central role in institutional evaluation and in the interpretation of student trajectories. However, under conditions of rapid technological change, the inferential…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-09 H. R. Paz

A personalized learning system needs a large pool of items for learners to solve. When working with a large pool of items, it is useful to measure the similarity of items. We outline a general approach to measuring the similarity of items…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Radek Pelánek , Tomáš Effenberger , Matěj Vaněk , Vojtěch Sassmann , Dominik Gmiterko

The energy consumption of Large Language Models (LLMs) is raising growing concerns due to their adverse effects on environmental stability and resource use. Yet, these energy costs remain largely opaque to users, especially when models are…

Explanation is a fundamentally human process. Understanding the goal and audience of the explanation is vital, yet existing work on explainable reinforcement learning (XRL) routinely does not consult humans in their evaluations. Even when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Balint Gyevnar , Mark Towers

This study discusses an alternative tool for modeling student assessment data. The model constructs networks from a matrix item responses and attempts to represent these data in low dimensional Euclidean space. This procedure has advantages…

Applications · Statistics 2020-03-18 Alex Brodersen , Ick Hoon Jin , Ying Cheng , Minjeong Jeon

Reinforcement learning algorithms rely on carefully engineering environment rewards that are extrinsic to the agent. However, annotating each environment with hand-designed, dense rewards is not scalable, motivating the need for developing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-14 Yuri Burda , Harri Edwards , Deepak Pathak , Amos Storkey , Trevor Darrell , Alexei A. Efros

As the utilization of language models in interdisciplinary, human-centered studies grow, expectations of their capabilities continue to evolve. Beyond excelling at conventional tasks, models are now expected to perform well on user-centric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Yuxiang Zhou , Hainiu Xu , Desmond C. Ong , Maria Liakata , Petr Slovak , Yulan He

Personalized learner modeling using cognitive diagnosis (CD), which aims to model learners' cognitive states by diagnosing learner traits from behavioral data, is a fundamental yet significant task in many web learning services. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Jiatong Li , Qi Liu , Fei Wang , Jiayu Liu , Zhenya Huang , Fangzhou Yao , Linbo Zhu , Yu Su

As evaluation designs of large language models may shape our trajectory toward artificial general intelligence, comprehensive and forward-looking assessment is essential. Existing benchmarks primarily assess static knowledge, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiayin Wang , Zhiquang Guo , Weizhi Ma , Min Zhang

Logical reasoning is essential in a variety of human activities. A representative example of a logical task is mathematics. Recent large-scale models trained on large datasets have been successful in various fields, but their reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Ippei Fujisawa , Ryota Kanai

Given a task, human learns from easy to hard, whereas the model learns randomly. Undeniably, difficulty insensitive learning leads to great success in NLP, but little attention has been paid to the effect of text difficulty in NLP. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Bowen Chen , Xiao Ding , Li Du , Qin Bing , Ting Liu

Large language models (LLMs) can generate persuasive narratives at scale, raising concerns about their potential use in disinformation campaigns. Assessing this risk ultimately requires understanding how readers receive such content. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Zonghuan Xu , Xiang Zheng , Yutao Wu , Xingjun Ma