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Large Language Models (LLMs) with chain-of-thought generation have demonstrated great potential for solving complex reasoning and planning tasks. However, the output of current LLMs is not fully reliable and needs careful verification. Even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Maria-Florina Balcan , Avrim Blum , Kiriaki Fragkia , Zhiyuan Li , Dravyansh Sharma

Large language models (LLMs) empowered by chain-of-thought reasoning have achieved impressive accuracy on complex tasks but suffer from excessive inference costs and latency when applied uniformly to all problems. We propose SABER…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Kai Zhao , Yanjun Zhao , Jiaming Song , Shien He , Lusheng Zhang , Qiang Zhang , Tianjiao Li

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in settings where reasoning, such as multi-step problem solving and chain-of-thought, is essential. Yet, current evaluation practices overwhelmingly report single-run accuracy while…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Nearchos Potamitis , Lars Klein , Akhil Arora

Error detection (ED), which aims to identify incorrect or inconsistent cell values in tabular data, is important for ensuring data quality. Recent state-of-the-art ED methods leverage the pre-trained knowledge and semantic capability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Mengqi Wang , Jianwei Wang , Qing Liu , Xiwei Xu , Zhenchang Xing , Liming Zhu , Wenjie Zhang

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems suffer significant performance degradation in noisy environments, a challenge that is especially severe for low-resource languages such as Persian. Even state-of-the-art models such as Whisper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Zahra Rahmani , Hossein Sameti

While current Automated Essay Scoring (AES) methods demonstrate high scoring agreement with human raters, their decision-making mechanisms are not fully understood. Our proposed method, using counterfactual intervention assisted by Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yupei Wang , Renfen Hu , Zhe Zhao

Mathematical reasoning in large language models has improved substantially with reinforcement learning using verifiable rewards, where final answers can be checked automatically and converted into reliable training signals. Most such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Mohammad Rezaei , Jens Lehmann , Sahar Vahdati

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) is highly sensitive to the prompts they are given. Drawing inspiration from the field of prompt optimization, this study investigates the potential for enhancing Automated Essay Scoring (AES)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Keno Harada , Lui Yoshida , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong performance in math reasoning benchmarks, but their performance varies inconsistently across problems with varying levels of difficulty. This paper describes Adaptive Multi-Expert Reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mohamed Ehab , Ali Hamdi

Process Reward Models (PRMs) aim to improve multi-step reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs) by supervising intermediate steps and identifying errors. However, building effective PRMs remains challenging due to the lack of scalable,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yao Zhang , Yu Wu , Haowei Zhang , Weiguo Li , Haokun Chen , Jingpei Wu , Guohao Li , Zhen Han , Volker Tresp

In many high-risk machine learning applications it is essential for a model to indicate when it is uncertain about a prediction. While large language models (LLMs) can reach and even surpass human-level accuracy on a variety of benchmarks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Evan Becker , Stefano Soatto

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in scientific domains. While they can produce reasoning-like content via methods such as chain-of-thought prompting, these outputs are typically unstructured and informal, obscuring whether…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Pengze Li , Jiaqi Liu , Junchi Yu , Lihao Liu , Mingyu Ding , Wanli Ouyang , Shixiang Tang , Xi Chen

Large audio-language models (LALMs) have achieved near-human performance in sentence-level transcription and emotion recognition. However, existing evaluations focus mainly on surface-level perception, leaving the capacity of models for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Wanqi Yang , Yanda Li , Yunchao Wei , Meng Fang , Ling Chen

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve state-of-the-art performance by generating long chains-of-thought, but often waste computation on redundant reasoning after the correct answer has already been reached. We introduce Early-Stopping for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Junda Wang , Zhichao Yang , Dongxu Zhang , Sanjit Singh Batra , Robert E. Tillman

The advent of complex, interconnected long-horizon LLM systems has made it incredibly tricky to identify where and when these systems break down. Evaluation capabilities that currently exist today are limited in that they often focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Chenyang Zhu , Spencer Hong , Jingyu Wu , Kushal Chawla , Charlotte Tang , Youbing Yin , Nathan Wolfe , Erin Babinsky , Daben Liu

The prevailing assumption of an exponential decay in large language model (LLM) reliability with sequence length, predicated on independent per-token error probabilities, posits an inherent limitation for long autoregressive outputs. Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Mikhail L. Arbuzov , Sisong Bei , Ziwei Dong , Dmitri Kalaev , Alexey A. Shvets

The success of Large Language Models (LLMs) has motivated a shift toward generative approaches to retrieval and ranking, aiming to supersede classical Dual Encoders (DEs) and Cross Encoders (CEs). A prominent paradigm is pointwise…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Benjamin Rozonoyer , Chong You , Michael Boratko , Himanshu Jain , Nilesh Gupta , Srinadh Bhojanapalli , Andrew McCallum , Felix Yu

Many applications of large language models (LLMs) require deductive reasoning, yet models frequently produce incorrect or redundant inference steps. We frame natural language inference as a search problem where the final answer is the valid…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Andreas Opedal , Francesco Ignazio Re , Abulhair Saparov , Mrinmaya Sachan , Bernhard Schölkopf , Ryan Cotterell

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in critical applications requiring reliable reasoning, yet their internal reasoning processes remain difficult to evaluate systematically. Existing methods focus on final-answer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Shaima Ahmad Freja , Ferhat Ozgur Catak , Betul Yurdem , Chunming Rong

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in domains where errors carry high social, scientific, or safety costs. Yet standard confidence estimators, such as token likelihood, semantic similarity and multi-sample consistency,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Pengyue Yang , Jiawen Wen , Haolin Jin , Linghan Huang , Huaming Chen , Ling Chen