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Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate text by transferring style attributes like formality resulting in formal or informal text. However, instructing LLMs to generate text that when spoken, is more intelligible in an acoustically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Anupama Chingacham , Miaoran Zhang , Vera Demberg , Dietrich Klakow

Existing LLM-as-a-Judge systems suffer from three fundamental limitations: limited adaptivity to task- and domain-specific evaluation criteria, systematic biases driven by non-semantic cues such as position, length, format, and model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Bo Yang , Lanfei Feng , Yunkui Chen , Yu Zhang , Xiao Xu , Shijian Li

Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in audio understanding and reasoning. However, their performance on fine grained auditory perception remains unreliable, and existing approaches largely rely on data…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Liyang Chen , Hongkai Chen , Yujun Cai , Sifan Li , Qingwen Ye , Yiwei Wang

Recent Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) exhibit impressive capabilities in understanding audio content for conversational QA tasks. However, these models struggle to accurately understand timestamps for temporal localization (e.g.,…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Hualei Wang , Yiming Li , Shuo Ma , Hong Liu , Xiangdong Wang

Perceiving and understanding non-speech sounds and non-verbal speech is essential to making decisions that help us interact with our surroundings. In this paper, we propose GAMA, a novel General-purpose Large Audio-Language Model (LALM)…

The maturation of Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) has raised growing expectations for them to comprehend complex audio much like humans. Current efforts primarily replicate text-based reasoning by contextualizing audio content through a…

Large audio-language models (LALMs) enhance traditional large language models by integrating audio perception capabilities, allowing them to tackle audio-related tasks. Previous research has primarily focused on assessing the performance of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-13 Chun-Yi Kuan , Wei-Ping Huang , Hung-yi Lee

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) in open-ended scenarios is challenging because existing benchmarks and metrics can not measure them comprehensively. To address this problem, we propose to fine-tune LLMs as scalable judges (JudgeLM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lianghui Zhu , Xinggang Wang , Xinlong Wang

To reduce the need for human annotations, large language models (LLMs) have been proposed as judges of the quality of other candidate models. The performance of LLM judges is typically evaluated by measuring the correlation with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Andreas Stephan , Dawei Zhu , Matthias Aßenmacher , Xiaoyu Shen , Benjamin Roth

Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) are increasingly capable of reasoning over audio. However, existing benchmarks provide limited coverage of reasoning in polyphonic audio, where multiple sound events co-occur and induce compositional…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Yuanjian Chen , Yang Xiao , Han Yin , Xubo Liu , Jinjie Huang , Ting Dang

Recent advancements in large audio-language models (LALMs) have shown impressive capabilities in understanding and reasoning about audio and speech information. However, these models still face challenges, including hallucinating…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-03 Chun-Yi Kuan , Hung-yi Lee

Multi-modal learning in the audio-language domain has seen significant advancements in recent years. However, audio-language learning faces challenges due to limited and lower-quality data compared to image-language tasks. Existing…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-10 David Xu

Offering a promising solution to the scalability challenges associated with human evaluation, the LLM-as-a-judge paradigm is rapidly gaining traction as an approach to evaluating large language models (LLMs). However, there are still many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Aman Singh Thakur , Kartik Choudhary , Venkat Srinik Ramayapally , Sankaran Vaidyanathan , Dieuwke Hupkes

The Audio Question Answering (AQA) task includes audio event classification, audio captioning, and open-ended reasoning. Recently, AQA has garnered attention due to the advent of Large Audio Language Models (LALMs). Current literature…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Arvind Krishna Sridhar , Yinyi Guo , Erik Visser

The analysis, processing, and extraction of meaningful information from sounds all around us is the subject of the broader area of audio analytics. Audio captioning is a recent addition to the domain of audio analytics, a cross-modal…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-04 Sandeep Kothinti , Dimitra Emmanouilidou

Audio Large Language Models (AudioLLMs) have achieved strong results in semantic tasks like speech recognition and translation, but remain limited in modeling paralinguistic cues such as emotion. Existing approaches often treat emotion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Wenyu Zhang , Yingxu He , Geyu Lin , Zhuohan Liu , Shuo Sun , Bin Wang , Xunlong Zou , Jeremy H. M. Wong , Qiongqiong Wang , Hardik B. Sailor , Nancy F. Chen , Ai Ti Aw

Advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled significant capabilities in audio processing, resulting in state-of-the-art models now known as Large Audio Language Models (LALMs). However, minimal work has been done to measure audio…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Laya Iyer , Angelina Wang , Sanmi Koyejo

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable capabilities across a variety of domains and tasks, challenging our understanding of learning and cognition. Despite the recent success, current LLMs are not capable of processing…

The Automated Audio Captioning (AAC) task asks models to generate natural language descriptions of an audio input. Evaluating these machine-generated audio captions is a complex task that requires considering diverse factors, among them,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Tsung-Han Wu , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Trevor Darrell , David M. Chan

Audio-aware large language models (ALLMs) can understand the textual and non-textual information in the audio input. In this paper, we explore using ALLMs as an automatic judge to assess the speaking styles of speeches. We use ALLM judges…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-09 Cheng-Han Chiang , Xiaofei Wang , Chung-Ching Lin , Kevin Lin , Linjie Li , Radu Kopetz , Yao Qian , Zhendong Wang , Zhengyuan Yang , Hung-yi Lee , Lijuan Wang