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Listwise reranking utilizing Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art retrieval effectiveness. Recently, reasoning-enhanced models have further pushed these boundaries by employing Chain-of-Thought (CoT) to perform deep…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Danyang Liu , Kan Li

Recent advances in test-time scaling have led to the emergence of thinking LLMs that exhibit self-reflective behaviors and multi-step reasoning. While RL drives this self-improvement paradigm, a recent study (Gandhi et al., 2025) shows that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Aswin RRV , Jacob Dineen , Divij Handa , Md Nayem Uddin , Mihir Parmar , Chitta Baral , Ben Zhou

Large language model (LLM) post-training enhances latent skills, unlocks value alignment, improves performance, and enables domain adaptation. Unfortunately, post-training is known to induce forgetting, especially in the ubiquitous use-case…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Lukas Thede , Stefan Winzeck , Zeynep Akata , Jonathan Richard Schwarz

Finetuning can significantly modify the behavior of large language models, including introducing harmful or unsafe behaviors. To study these risks, researchers develop model organisms: models finetuned to exhibit specific known behaviors…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Mohammed Abu Baker , Luca Baroni , Dan Wilhelm

Large language models (LLMs) solve complex problems by generating multi-step reasoning traces. Yet these traces are typically analyzed from only one of two perspectives: the sequence of tokens across different reasoning steps in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Ruidi Chang , Jiawei Zhou , Hanjie Chen

While large models pre-trained on high-quality data exhibit excellent performance on mathematical reasoning (e.g., GSM8k, MultiArith), it remains challenging to specialize smaller models for these tasks. Common approaches to address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Neeraj Gangwar , Suma P Bhat , Nickvash Kani

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) monitoring has emerged as a compelling method for detecting harmful behaviors such as reward hacking for reasoning models, under the assumption that models' reasoning processes are informative of such behaviors. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Nikolaus Howe , Micah Carroll

Large Reasoning Models like DeepSeek-R1 mark a fundamental shift in how LLMs approach complex problems. Instead of directly producing an answer for a given input, DeepSeek-R1 creates detailed multi-step reasoning chains, seemingly…

The recent advancements in Deep Learning models and techniques have led to significant strides in performance across diverse tasks and modalities. However, while the overall capabilities of models show promising growth, our understanding of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Erik Arakelyan

We introduce Phi-4-reasoning, a 14-billion parameter reasoning model that achieves strong performance on complex reasoning tasks. Trained via supervised fine-tuning of Phi-4 on carefully curated set of "teachable" prompts-selected for the…

We introduce Refusal Steering, an inference-time method to exercise fine-grained control over Large Language Models refusal behaviour on politically sensitive topics without retraining. We replace fragile pattern-based refusal detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Iker García-Ferrero , David Montero , Roman Orus

Iterative summarization based reasoning frameworks such as InftyThink enable long-horizon reasoning in large language models (LLMs) by controlling context growth, but they repeatedly regenerate similar reasoning strategies across tasks. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Cagatay Tekin , Charbel Barakat , Luis Joseph Luna Limgenco

Model diffing is the study of how fine-tuning changes a model's representations and internal algorithms. Many behaviors of interest are introduced during fine-tuning, and model diffing offers a promising lens to interpret such behaviors.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Julian Minder , Clément Dumas , Caden Juang , Bilal Chugtai , Neel Nanda

Despite the impressive performance of general-purpose large language models (LLMs), they often require fine-tuning or post-training to excel at specific tasks. For instance, large reasoning models (LRMs), such as the DeepSeek-R1 series,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Mingjie Li , Wai Man Si , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang , Yisen Wang

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated outstanding reasoning capabilities on mathematical and coding tasks. However, their application to financial tasks-especially the most fundamental task of stock movement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Xueyuan Lin , Cehao Yang , Ye Ma , Ming Li , Rongjunchen Zhang , Yang Ni , Xiaojun Wu , Chengjin Xu , Jian Guo , Hui Xiong

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have incorporated planning and reasoning capabilities, enabling models to outline steps before execution and provide transparent reasoning paths. This enhancement has reduced errors in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Sudarshan Kamath Barkur , Sigurd Schacht , Johannes Scholl

Reasoning-centric large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance by generating intermediate reasoning trajectories, but often incur excessive token usage and high inference-time decoding cost. We observe that, when solving the same…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Han Yang , Mingyan Wu , Bailan He , Zeyu Cao , Sikuan Yan , Kevin Qinghong Lin , Zifeng Ding

Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) decode multiple tokens in parallel, but aggressive multi-token decoding amplifies cross-token dependency errors and can sharply degrade generation quality. We propose BackPlay, a frozen-backbone…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Liming Liu , Binxuan Huang , Zixuan Zhang , Xin Liu , Bing Yin , Tuo Zhao

While language models have shown remarkable performance across diverse tasks, they still encounter challenges in complex reasoning scenarios. Recent research suggests that language models trained on linearized search traces toward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Seungyong Moon , Bumsoo Park , Hyun Oh Song

Supplementary Training on Intermediate Labeled-data Tasks (STILTs) is a widely applied technique, which first fine-tunes the pretrained language models on an intermediate task before on the target task of interest. While STILTs is able to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-02 Ting-Yun Chang , Chi-Jen Lu