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Long chain-of-thought (CoT) significantly enhances the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, extensive reasoning traces lead to inefficiencies and increased time-to-first-token (TTFT). We propose a training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Roy Xie , David Qiu , Deepak Gopinath , Dong Lin , Yanchao Sun , Chong Wang , Saloni Potdar , Bhuwan Dhingra

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in complex reasoning tasks through both post-training and test-time scaling laws. While prevalent test-time scaling approaches are often realized by using external reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fuxiang Zhang , Jiacheng Xu , Chaojie Wang , Ce Cui , Yang Liu , Bo An

General reasoning represents a long-standing and formidable challenge in artificial intelligence. Recent breakthroughs, exemplified by large language models (LLMs) and chain-of-thought prompting, have achieved considerable success on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 DeepSeek-AI , Daya Guo , Dejian Yang , Haowei Zhang , Junxiao Song , Peiyi Wang , Qihao Zhu , Runxin Xu , Ruoyu Zhang , Shirong Ma , Xiao Bi , Xiaokang Zhang , Xingkai Yu , Yu Wu , Z. F. Wu , Zhibin Gou , Zhihong Shao , Zhuoshu Li , Ziyi Gao , Aixin Liu , Bing Xue , Bingxuan Wang , Bochao Wu , Bei Feng , Chengda Lu , Chenggang Zhao , Chengqi Deng , Chenyu Zhang , Chong Ruan , Damai Dai , Deli Chen , Dongjie Ji , Erhang Li , Fangyun Lin , Fucong Dai , Fuli Luo , Guangbo Hao , Guanting Chen , Guowei Li , H. Zhang , Han Bao , Hanwei Xu , Haocheng Wang , Honghui Ding , Huajian Xin , Huazuo Gao , Hui Qu , Hui Li , Jianzhong Guo , Jiashi Li , Jiawei Wang , Jingchang Chen , Jingyang Yuan , Junjie Qiu , Junlong Li , J. L. Cai , Jiaqi Ni , Jian Liang , Jin Chen , Kai Dong , Kai Hu , Kaige Gao , Kang Guan , Kexin Huang , Kuai Yu , Lean Wang , Lecong Zhang , Liang Zhao , Litong Wang , Liyue Zhang , Lei Xu , Leyi Xia , Mingchuan Zhang , Minghua Zhang , Minghui Tang , Meng Li , Miaojun Wang , Mingming Li , Ning Tian , Panpan Huang , Peng Zhang , Qiancheng Wang , Qinyu Chen , Qiushi Du , Ruiqi Ge , Ruisong Zhang , Ruizhe Pan , Runji Wang , R. J. Chen , R. L. Jin , Ruyi Chen , Shanghao Lu , Shangyan Zhou , Shanhuang Chen , Shengfeng Ye , Shiyu Wang , Shuiping Yu , Shunfeng Zhou , Shuting Pan , S. S. Li , Shuang Zhou , Shaoqing Wu , Shengfeng Ye , Tao Yun , Tian Pei , Tianyu Sun , T. Wang , Wangding Zeng , Wanjia Zhao , Wen Liu , Wenfeng Liang , Wenjun Gao , Wenqin Yu , Wentao Zhang , W. L. Xiao , Wei An , Xiaodong Liu , Xiaohan Wang , Xiaokang Chen , Xiaotao Nie , Xin Cheng , Xin Liu , Xin Xie , Xingchao Liu , Xinyu Yang , Xinyuan Li , Xuecheng Su , Xuheng Lin , X. Q. Li , Xiangyue Jin , Xiaojin Shen , Xiaosha Chen , Xiaowen Sun , Xiaoxiang Wang , Xinnan Song , Xinyi Zhou , Xianzu Wang , Xinxia Shan , Y. K. Li , Y. Q. Wang , Y. X. Wei , Yang Zhang , Yanhong Xu , Yao Li , Yao Zhao , Yaofeng Sun , Yaohui Wang , Yi Yu , Yichao Zhang , Yifan Shi , Yiliang Xiong , Ying He , Yishi Piao , Yisong Wang , Yixuan Tan , Yiyang Ma , Yiyuan Liu , Yongqiang Guo , Yuan Ou , Yuduan Wang , Yue Gong , Yuheng Zou , Yujia He , Yunfan Xiong , Yuxiang Luo , Yuxiang You , Yuxuan Liu , Yuyang Zhou , Y. X. Zhu , Yanhong Xu , Yanping Huang , Yaohui Li , Yi Zheng , Yuchen Zhu , Yunxian Ma , Ying Tang , Yukun Zha , Yuting Yan , Z. Z. Ren , Zehui Ren , Zhangli Sha , Zhe Fu , Zhean Xu , Zhenda Xie , Zhengyan Zhang , Zhewen Hao , Zhicheng Ma , Zhigang Yan , Zhiyu Wu , Zihui Gu , Zijia Zhu , Zijun Liu , Zilin Li , Ziwei Xie , Ziyang Song , Zizheng Pan , Zhen Huang , Zhipeng Xu , Zhongyu Zhang , Zhen Zhang

Large language models excel at short-horizon reasoning tasks, but performance drops as reasoning horizon lengths increase. Existing approaches to combat this rely on inference-time scaffolding or costly step-level supervision, neither of…

Scaling inference compute enhances reasoning in large language models (LLMs), with long chains-of-thought (CoTs) enabling strategies like backtracking and error correction. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a crucial method for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Edward Yeo , Yuxuan Tong , Morry Niu , Graham Neubig , Xiang Yue

While scaling laws for large language models (LLMs) during pre-training have been extensively studied, their behavior under reinforcement learning (RL) post-training remains largely unexplored. This paper presents a systematic empirical…

In this paper, we survey recent advances in Reinforcement Learning (RL) for reasoning with Large Language Models (LLMs). RL has achieved remarkable success in advancing the frontier of LLM capabilities, particularly in addressing complex…

Recently DeepSeek R1 has shown that reinforcement learning (RL) can substantially improve the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) through a simple yet effective design. The core of R1 lies in its rule-based reward…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Haozhan Shen , Peng Liu , Jingcheng Li , Chunxin Fang , Yibo Ma , Jiajia Liao , Qiaoli Shen , Zilun Zhang , Kangjia Zhao , Qianqian Zhang , Ruochen Xu , Tiancheng Zhao

While reinforcement learning (RL) demonstrated remarkable success in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of language models, the training dynamics of RL in LLMs remain unclear. In this work, we provide an explanation of the RL training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xingwu Chen , Tianle Li , Difan Zou

Language has long been conceived as an essential tool for human reasoning. The breakthrough of Large Language Models (LLMs) has sparked significant research interest in leveraging these models to tackle complex reasoning tasks. Researchers…

In recent years, training methods centered on Reinforcement Learning (RL) have markedly enhanced the reasoning and alignment performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in understanding human intents, following user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Keliang Liu , Dingkang Yang , Ziyun Qian , Weijie Yin , Yuchi Wang , Hongsheng Li , Jun Liu , Peng Zhai , Yang Liu , Lihua Zhang

Scaling model size and training data has led to great advances in the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the diminishing returns of this approach necessitate alternative methods to improve model capabilities, particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Daman Arora , Andrea Zanette

Recent advances in reasoning-centric language models have highlighted reinforcement learning (RL) as a promising method for aligning models with verifiable rewards. However, it remains contentious whether RL truly expands a model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Mingjie Liu , Shizhe Diao , Ximing Lu , Jian Hu , Xin Dong , Yejin Choi , Jan Kautz , Yi Dong

Language model pretraining with next token prediction has proved effective for scaling compute but is limited to the amount of available training data. Scaling reinforcement learning (RL) unlocks a new axis for the continued improvement of…

The growing disparity between the exponential scaling of computational resources and the finite growth of high-quality text data now constrains conventional scaling approaches for large language models (LLMs). To address this challenge, we…

Large pretrained models are showing increasingly better performance in reasoning and planning tasks across different modalities, opening the possibility to leverage them for complex sequential decision making problems. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Martin Klissarov , Devon Hjelm , Alexander Toshev , Bogdan Mazoure

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, existing approaches mainly rely on imitation learning and struggle to achieve effective test-time scaling. While reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Zhenyu Hou , Xin Lv , Rui Lu , Jiajie Zhang , Yujiang Li , Zijun Yao , Juanzi Li , Jie Tang , Yuxiao Dong

Reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated strong potential in training large language models (LLMs) capable of complex reasoning for real-world problem solving. More recently, RL has been leveraged to create sophisticated LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Bowen Jin , Jinsung Yoon , Priyanka Kargupta , Sercan O. Arik , Jiawei Han

Recent advances in fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with reinforcement learning (RL) have shown promising improvements in complex reasoning tasks, particularly when paired with chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Hung Le , Dai Do , Dung Nguyen , Svetha Venkatesh

Reinforcement learning (RL)-based fine-tuning has become a crucial step in post-training language models for advanced mathematical reasoning and coding. Following the success of frontier reasoning models, recent work has demonstrated that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Rosie Zhao , Alexandru Meterez , Sham Kakade , Cengiz Pehlevan , Samy Jelassi , Eran Malach
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