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We develop novel methodology for active feature acquisition (AFA), the study of how to sequentially acquire a dynamic (on a per instance basis) subset of features that minimizes acquisition costs whilst still yielding accurate predictions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Michael Valancius , Max Lennon , Junier Oliva

In real-world scenarios, different features have different acquisition costs at test-time which necessitates cost-aware methods to optimize the cost and performance trade-off. This paper introduces a novel and scalable approach for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-10 Mohammad Kachuee , Sajad Darabi , Babak Moatamed , Majid Sarrafzadeh

In many real-world machine learning problems, feature values are not readily available. To make predictions, some of the missing features have to be acquired, which can incur a cost in money, computational time, or human time, depending on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-20 Kimmo Kärkkäinen , Mohammad Kachuee , Orpaz Goldstein , Majid Sarrafzadeh

In many biomedical applications, measurements are not freely available at inference time: each laboratory test, imaging modality, or assessment incurs financial cost, time burden, or patient risk. Longitudinal active feature acquisition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yunni Qu , Dzung Dinh , Grant King , Whitney Ringwald , Bing Cai Kok , Kathleen Gates , Aidan Wright , Junier Oliva

Given a set of observations, feature acquisition is about finding the subset of unobserved features which would enhance accuracy. Such problems have been explored in a sequential setting in prior work. Here, the model receives feedback from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Vedang Asgaonkar , Aditya Jain , Abir De

We introduce a challenging decision-making task that we call active acquisition for multimodal temporal data (A2MT). In many real-world scenarios, input features are not readily available at test time and must instead be acquired at…

Active data acquisition is central to many learning and optimization tasks in deep neural networks, yet remains challenging because most approaches rely on predictive uncertainty estimates that are difficult to obtain reliably. To this end,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-24 Weichi Yao , Bianca Dumitrascu , Bryan R. Goldsmith , Yixin Wang

In many real-world learning scenarios, features are only acquirable at a cost constrained under a budget. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for cost-sensitive feature acquisition at the prediction-time. The suggested method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Mohammad Kachuee , Orpaz Goldstein , Kimmo Karkkainen , Sajad Darabi , Majid Sarrafzadeh

We address the cost-sensitive feature acquisition problem, where misclassifying an instance is costly but the expected misclassification cost can be reduced by acquiring the values of the missing features. Because acquiring the features is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-01-17 Mustafa Bilgic , Lise Getoor

Continual test-time adaptive object detection (CTTA-OD) aims to online adapt a source pre-trained detector to ever-changing environments during inference under continuous domain shifts. Most existing CTTA-OD methods prioritize effectiveness…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Kunyu Wang , Xueyang Fu , Xin Lu , Chengjie Ge , Chengzhi Cao , Wei Zhai , Zheng-Jun Zha

Truly intelligent systems are expected to make critical decisions with incomplete and uncertain data. Active feature acquisition (AFA), where features are sequentially acquired to improve the prediction, is a step towards this goal.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Yang Li , Siyuan Shan , Qin Liu , Junier B. Oliva

Monocular 3D object detection (Mono 3Det) aims to identify 3D objects from a single RGB image. However, existing methods often assume training and test data follow the same distribution, which may not hold in real-world test scenarios. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Hongbin Lin , Yifan Zhang , Shuaicheng Niu , Shuguang Cui , Zhen Li

Despite their exceptional performance in vision tasks, deep learning models often struggle when faced with domain shifts during testing. Test-Time Training (TTT) methods have recently gained popularity by their ability to enhance the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-15 David Osowiechi , Gustavo A. Vargas Hakim , Mehrdad Noori , Milad Cheraghalikhani , Ali Bahri , Moslem Yazdanpanah , Ismail Ben Ayed , Christian Desrosiers

We propose a reinforcement learning based approach to tackle the cost-sensitive learning problem where each input feature has a specific cost. The acquisition process is handled through a stochastic policy which allows features to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-07-14 Gabriella Contardo , Ludovic Denoyer , Thierry Artières

Active Test-Time Adaptation (ATTA) improves model robustness under domain shift by selectively querying human annotations at deployment, but existing methods use heuristic uncertainty measures and suffer from low data selection efficiency,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Tingyu Shi , Fan Lyu , Shaoliang Peng

Active Feature Acquisition is an instance-wise, sequential decision making problem. The aim is to dynamically select which feature to measure based on current observations, independently for each test instance. Common approaches either use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Alexander Norcliffe , Changhee Lee , Fergus Imrie , Mihaela van der Schaar , Pietro Lio

In many real-world scenarios where data is high dimensional, test time acquisition of features is a non-trivial task due to costs associated with feature acquisition and evaluating feature value. The need for highly confident models with an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Orpaz Goldstein , Mohammad Kachuee , Kimmo Karkkainen , Majid Sarrafzadeh

Active feature acquisition (AFA) is an instance-adaptive paradigm in which, at inference time, a policy sequentially chooses which features to acquire (at a cost) before predicting. Existing approaches either train reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Hung-Tien Huang , Dzung Dinh , Junier B. Oliva

Active feature acquisition (AFA) studies how to sequentially acquire features for each data instance to trade off predictive performance against acquisition cost. This survey offers the first unified treatment of AFA via an explicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Linus Aronsson , Arman Rahbar , Morteza Haghir Chehreghani

Test-time domain adaptation aims to adapt a source pre-trained model to a target domain without using any source data. Existing works mainly consider the case where the target domain is static. However, real-world machine perception systems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Qin Wang , Olga Fink , Luc Van Gool , Dengxin Dai
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