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For years, semantic interoperability standards have sought to streamline the exchange of clinical data, yet their deployment remains time-consuming, resource-intensive, and technically challenging. To address this, we introduce a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Alvaro Riquelme , Pedro Costa , Catalina Martinez

The recent shift toward the Health Level Seven Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (HL7 FHIR) standard opens a new frontier for clinical AI, demanding LLM agents to navigate complex, resource-based data models instead of conventional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Gyubok Lee , Elea Bach , Eric Yang , Tom Pollard , Alistair Johnson , Edward Choi , Yugang jia , Jong Ha Lee

HL7's Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard is designed to provide a consistent way in which to represent and exchange healthcare data, such as electronic health records (EHRs). SMART--on--FHIR (SoF) technology uses…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-01-24 Martin Chapman , Vasa Curcin , Elizabeth I Sklar

Enhancing clinical decision support (CDS), reducing documentation burdens, and improving patient health literacy remain persistent challenges in digital health. This paper presents an open-source, agent-based framework that integrates Large…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Abul Ehtesham , Aditi Singh , Saket Kumar

The Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard has emerged as a widely adopted specification for exchanging structured clinical data across healthcare systems. However, raw FHIR resources are often complex, verbose, and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Adarsh Pawar , Yuqiao Meng , Luoxi Tang , Zhaohan Xi

Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) is the dominant standard for interoperable exchange of healthcare data. In FHIR, electronic health records form a directed graph of resources. Answering clinically meaningful questions over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Marius S. Knorr , Robert Müller , Jan P. Bremer , Nils Schweingruber

In this study, we investigated the ability of the large language model (LLM) to enhance healthcare data interoperability. We leveraged the LLM to convert clinical texts into their corresponding FHIR resources. Our experiments, conducted on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Yikuan Li , Hanyin Wang , Halid Yerebakan , Yoshihisa Shinagawa , Yuan Luo

Healthcare interoperability between openEHR and HL7 FHIR remains challenging due to fundamental differences in their data modeling approaches and the absence of standardized transformation mechanisms. This paper presents FHIRconnect, a…

Objective: To enhance health literacy and accessibility of health information for a diverse patient population by developing a patient-centered artificial intelligence (AI) solution using large language models (LLMs) and Fast Healthcare…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Paul Schmiedmayer , Adrit Rao , Philipp Zagar , Vishnu Ravi , Aydin Zahedivash , Arash Fereydooni , Oliver Aalami

Large language models (LLMs) show promise for clinical reasoning and decision support, but evaluation in realistic, electronic health record-congruent settings remains limited. Existing benchmarks often rely on static datasets or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Valentina Bui Muti , Eugénie Dulout , Ziquan Fu

Healthcare systems continuously generate vast amounts of electronic health records (EHRs), commonly stored in the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard. Despite the wealth of information in these records, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Sara Kothari , Ayush Gupta

Electronic Health Records (EHRs) hold immense potential for advancing healthcare, offering rich, longitudinal data that combines structured information with valuable insights from unstructured clinical notes. However, the unstructured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Huaiyuan Ying , Hongyi Yuan , Jinsen Lu , Zitian Qu , Yang Zhao , Zhengyun Zhao , Isaac Kohane , Tianxi Cai , Sheng Yu

Though patients are increasingly granted digital access to their electronic health records (EHRs), existing interfaces may not support precise, trustworthy answers to patient-specific questions. Large language models (LLM) show promise in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Michael Frew , Nishit Bheda , Bryan Tripp

This review underscores the vital role of interoperability in digital health, advocating for a standardized framework. It focuses on implementing a Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) server, addressing technical, semantic,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Prabath Jayathissa , Roshan Hewapathirana

Clinicians routinely navigate fragmented electronic health record (EHR) interfaces to assemble a coherent picture of a patient's problems, medications, recent encounters, and longitudinal trends. This manuscript describes EHRSummarizer, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Houman Kazemzadeh , Nima Minaifar , Kamyar Naderi , Sho Tabibzadeh

In the past decade, the healthcare industry has made significant advances in the digitization of patient information. However, a lack of interoperability among healthcare systems still imposes a high cost to patients, hospitals, and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Daniel Cotter , V. K. Cody Bumgardner

Financial decision-making presents unique challenges for language models, demanding temporal reasoning, adaptive risk assessment, and responsiveness to dynamic events. While large language models (LLMs) show strong general reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jiaxiang Chen , Mingxi Zou , Zhuo Wang , Qifan Wang , Dongning Sun , Chi Zhang , Zenglin Xu

As Large Language Model (LLM) agents transition from single-session tools to persistent systems managing longitudinal healthcare journeys, their memory architectures face a critical challenge: reconciling two imperfect sources of truth. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Samuel L Pugh , Eric Yang , Alexander Muir Sutherland , Alessandra Breschi

We revisit the problem of constructing interoperable patient digital twins from unstructured electronic health records (EHRs) and argue that the task is better cast not as a cascade of extraction modules but as constrained generation of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Rafael Brens , Yuqiao Meng , Luoxi Tang , Zhaohan Xi

Proprietary Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 and Gemini have demonstrated promising capabilities in clinical text summarization tasks. However, due to patient data privacy concerns and computational costs, many healthcare…

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