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Related papers: Tracing the Path to Grokking: Embeddings, Dropout,…

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The study of Deep Network (DN) training dynamics has largely focused on the evolution of the loss function, evaluated on or around train and test set data points. In fact, many DN phenomenon were first introduced in literature with that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Ahmed Imtiaz Humayun , Randall Balestriero , Richard Baraniuk

Grokking in modular arithmetic has established itself as the quintessential fruit fly experiment, serving as a critical domain for investigating the mechanistic origins of model generalization. Despite its significance, existing research…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Junjie Zhang , Zhen Shen , Gang Xiong , Xisong Dong

Recent studies have uncovered intriguing phenomena in deep learning, such as grokking, double descent, and emergent abilities in large language models, which challenge human intuition and are crucial for a deeper understanding of neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Yufei Huang , Shengding Hu , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Grokking describes a delayed generalization phenomenon in which a neural network achieves perfect training accuracy long before validation accuracy improves, followed by an abrupt transition to strong generalization. Existing detection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Shreel Golwala

Deep learning sometimes appears to work in unexpected ways. In pursuit of a deeper understanding of its surprising behaviors, we investigate the utility of a simple yet accurate model of a trained neural network consisting of a sequence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Alan Jeffares , Alicia Curth , Mihaela van der Schaar

The grokking phenomenon as reported by Power et al. ( arXiv:2201.02177 ) refers to a regime where a long period of overfitting is followed by a seemingly sudden transition to perfect generalization. In this paper, we attempt to reveal the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Vimal Thilak , Etai Littwin , Shuangfei Zhai , Omid Saremi , Roni Paiss , Joshua Susskind

We study the well-known grokking phenomena in neural networks (NNs) using a 3-layer MLP trained on 1 k-sample subset of MNIST, with and without weight decay, and discover a novel third phase -- \emph{anti-grokking} -- that occurs very late…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Hari K. Prakash , Charles H. Martin

One puzzling artifact in machine learning dubbed grokking is where delayed generalization is achieved tenfolds of iterations after near perfect overfitting to the training data. Focusing on the long delay itself on behalf of machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jaerin Lee , Bong Gyun Kang , Kihoon Kim , Kyoung Mu Lee

In grokking, a model first fits the training data while test accuracy remains low, and only later begins to generalize. We ask whether this transition can be localized from observed training trajectories before the test accuracy rises, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ziyue Wang , Yufeng Ying , Takafumi Kanamori

Critical-data-size accounts of grokking suggest a natural post-threshold intuition: once training data is sufficient to identify the underlying rule, additional data should accelerate validation convergence. We show that this intuition can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Shin So , Kyelim Lee , Albert No

We examine the role of memorization in deep learning, drawing connections to capacity, generalization, and adversarial robustness. While deep networks are capable of memorizing noise data, our results suggest that they tend to prioritize…

Neural networks are easier to optimise when they have many more weights than are required for modelling the mapping from inputs to outputs. This suggests a two-stage learning procedure that first learns a large net and then prunes away…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Aidan N. Gomez , Ivan Zhang , Siddhartha Rao Kamalakara , Divyam Madaan , Kevin Swersky , Yarin Gal , Geoffrey E. Hinton

Dropout is a widely used regularization technique which improves the generalization ability of a model by randomly dropping neurons. In light of this, we propose Dropout Prompt Learning, which aims for applying dropout to improve the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Biao Chen , Lin Zuo , Mengmeng Jing , Kunbin He , Yuchen Wang

Dropout is a very effective way of regularizing neural networks. Stochastically "dropping out" units with a certain probability discourages over-specific co-adaptations of feature detectors, preventing overfitting and improving network…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-08-04 Pietro Morerio , Jacopo Cavazza , Riccardo Volpi , Rene Vidal , Vittorio Murino

We derive a differential equation that governs the evolution of the generalization gap when a deep network is trained by gradient descent. This differential equation is controlled by two quantities, a contraction factor that brings together…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Rubing Yang , Pratik Chaudhari

In order to develop complex relationships between their inputs and outputs, deep neural networks train and adjust large number of parameters. To make these networks work at high accuracy, vast amounts of data are needed. Sometimes, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Joshua Shunk

It has been observed in practice that applying pruning-at-initialization methods to neural networks and training the sparsified networks can not only retain the testing performance of the original dense models, but also sometimes even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Hongru Yang , Yingbin Liang , Xiaojie Guo , Lingfei Wu , Zhangyang Wang

Feed-forward neural networks (FFNNs) are vulnerable to input noise, reducing prediction performance. Existing regularization methods like dropout often alter network architecture or overlook neuron interactions. This study aims to enhance…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Maria Zaitseva , Ivan Tomilov , Natalia Gusarova

Training Neural Networks (NNs) without overfitting is difficult; detecting that overfitting is difficult as well. We present a novel Random Matrix Theory method that detects the onset of overfitting in deep learning models without access to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Hari K. Prakash , Charles H Martin

Continual learning of deep neural networks is a key requirement for scaling them up to more complex applicative scenarios and for achieving real lifelong learning of these architectures. Previous approaches to the problem have considered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Jary Pomponi , Simone Scardapane , Vincenzo Lomonaco , Aurelio Uncini
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