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Deep neural networks (DNNs) generate much richer function spaces than shallow networks. Since the function spaces induced by shallow networks have several approximation theoretic drawbacks, this explains, however, not necessarily the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-25 Konstantin Eckle , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

Activation functions play an essential role in neural networks. They provide the non-linearity for the networks. Therefore, their properties are important for neural networks' accuracy and running performance. In this paper, we present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Yuanhao Gong

Activation functions are crucial for deep neural networks. This novel work frames the problem of training neural network with learnable polynomial activation functions as a polynomial optimization problem, which is solvable by the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-07 Linghao Zhang , Jiawang Nie , Tingting Tang

In the last decade, an active area of research has been devoted to design novel activation functions that are able to help deep neural networks to converge, obtaining better performance. The training procedure of these architectures usually…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-26 Franco Manessi , Alessandro Rozza

Neural networks are universal function approximators which are known to generalize well despite being dramatically overparameterized. We study this phenomenon from the point of view of the spectral bias of neural networks. Our contributions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Qingguo Hong , Jonathan W. Siegel , Qinyang Tan , Jinchao Xu

A pivotal aspect in the design of neural networks lies in selecting activation functions, crucial for introducing nonlinear structures that capture intricate input-output patterns. While the effectiveness of adaptive or trainable activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Farhad Pourkamali-Anaraki , Tahamina Nasrin , Robert E. Jensen , Amy M. Peterson , Christopher J. Hansen

Activity recognition has become a popular research branch in the field of pervasive computing in recent years. A large number of experiments can be obtained that activity sensor-based data's characteristic in activity recognition is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-21 Li Xue , Si Xiandong , Nie Lanshun , Li Jiazhen , Ding Renjie , Zhan Dechen , Chu Dianhui

We extended the work of proposed activation function, Noisy Softplus, to fit into training of layered up spiking neural networks (SNNs). Thus, any ANN employing Noisy Softplus neurons, even of deep architecture, can be trained simply by the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Qian Liu , Yunhua Chen , Steve Furber

Activation functions govern the expressivity and stability of neural networks, yet existing comparisons remain largely heuristic. We propose a rigorous framework for their classification via a nine-dimensional integral signature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Ankur Mali , Lawrence Hall , Jake Williams , Gordon Richards

In recent years, functional neural networks have been proposed and studied in order to approximate nonlinear continuous functionals defined on $L^p([-1, 1]^s)$ for integers $s\ge1$ and $1\le p<\infty$. However, their theoretical properties…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-11 Linhao Song , Jun Fan , Di-Rong Chen , Ding-Xuan Zhou

In this paper, we propose novel quaternion activation functions where we modify either the quaternion magnitude or the phase, as an alternative to the commonly used split activation functions. We define criteria that are relevant for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Johannes Pöppelbaum , Andreas Schwung

Activation Functions introduce non-linearity in the deep neural networks. This nonlinearity helps the neural networks learn faster and efficiently from the dataset. In deep learning, many activation functions are developed and used based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Ravin Kumar

Deep neural networks owe their expressive power to nonlinear activation functions. The effective field theory of signal propagation at initialization reveals a few distinct universality classes of activations that exhibit different depth…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-05-08 Omri Lesser , Debanjan Chowdhury

This article contributes to the current statistical theory of deep neural networks (DNNs). It was shown that DNNs are able to circumvent the so--called curse of dimensionality in case that suitable restrictions on the structure of the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-10-14 Sophie Langer

The mathematical complexity and high dimensionality of neural networks slow both training and deployment, demanding heavy computational resources. This has driven the search for alternative architectures built from novel components,…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Jake McNaughton , A. H. Abbas , Ivan S. Maksymov

In the current research of neural networks, the activation function is manually specified by human and not able to change themselves during training. This paper focus on how to make the activation function trainable for deep neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-08 Zhaohe Liao

Nonlinear activation functions are widely recognized for enhancing the expressivity of neural networks, which is the primary reason for their widespread implementation. In this work, we focus on ReLU activation and reveal a novel and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Chaoyue Liu , Han Bi , Like Hui , Xiao Liu

The expressive power of artificial neural networks crucially depends on the nonlinearity of their activation functions. Though a wide variety of nonlinear activation functions have been proposed for use in artificial neural networks, a…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2021-02-24 Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth , Cengiz Pehlevan

Common nonlinear activation functions used in neural networks can cause training difficulties due to the saturation behavior of the activation function, which may hide dependencies that are not visible to vanilla-SGD (using first order…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-04-05 Caglar Gulcehre , Marcin Moczulski , Misha Denil , Yoshua Bengio

Normalization layers and activation functions are fundamental components in deep networks and typically co-locate with each other. Here we propose to design them using an automated approach. Instead of designing them separately, we unify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Hanxiao Liu , Andrew Brock , Karen Simonyan , Quoc V. Le