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Code large language models (CodeLLMs) and agents are increasingly being integrated into complex software engineering tasks spanning the entire Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Benchmarking is critical for rigorously evaluating these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Kaixin Wang , Tianlin Li , Xiaoyu Zhang , Chong Wang , Weisong Sun , Yang Liu , Aishan Liu , Xianglong Liu , Chao Shen , Bin Shi

Public benchmarks increasingly govern how large language models (LLMs) are ranked, selected, and deployed. We frame this benchmark-centered regime as Silicon Bureaucracy and AI Test-Oriented Education, and argue that it rests on a fragile…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yiliang Song , Hongjun An , Jiangan Chen , Xuanchen Yan , Huan Song , Jiawei Shao , Xuelong Li

Public benchmarks play an essential role in the evaluation of large language models. However, data contamination can lead to inflated performance, rendering them unreliable for model comparison. It is therefore crucial to detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Jasper Dekoninck , Mark Niklas Müller , Martin Vechev

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has transformed the landscape of natural language processing. Evaluating LLMs properly is crucial for understanding their potential and addressing concerns such as safety. However, LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Rahmatullah Musawi , Sheng Lu

High-quality evaluation benchmarks are pivotal for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) in Automated Code Review (ACR). However, existing benchmarks suffer from two critical limitations: first, the lack of multi-language support in…

Recent claims about the impressive abilities of large language models (LLMs) are often supported by evaluating publicly available benchmarks. Since LLMs train on wide swaths of the internet, this practice raises concerns of data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Manley Roberts , Himanshu Thakur , Christine Herlihy , Colin White , Samuel Dooley

Data contamination -- the accidental consumption of evaluation examples within the pre-training data -- can undermine the validity of evaluation benchmarks. In this paper, we present a rigorous analysis of the effects of contamination on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Muhammed Yusuf Kocyigit , Eleftheria Briakou , Daniel Deutsch , Jiaming Luo , Colin Cherry , Markus Freitag

Various techniques have been proposed to leverage the capabilities of code language models (CLMs) for SE tasks. While these techniques typically evaluate their effectiveness using publicly available datasets, the evaluation can be subject…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Jialun Cao , Wuqi Zhang , Shing-Chi Cheung

As Large Language Models (LLMs) scale in size and complexity, the consequences of failures during training become increasingly severe. A major challenge arises from Silent Data Corruption (SDC): hardware-induced faults that bypass…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Anton Altenbernd , Philipp Wiesner , Odej Kao

Code review is a cornerstone of software quality assurance, and recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in its automation. However, existing benchmarks for LLM-based code review face three major limitations. Lack…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Ruida Hu , Xinchen Wang , Xin-Cheng Wen , Zhao Zhang , Bo Jiang , Pengfei Gao , Chao Peng , Cuiyun Gao

Synthetic data has become essential for training foundation models, yet benchmark contamination threatens evaluation integrity. Although existing detection methods identify token-level overlap, they fail to detect semantic-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Sushant Mehta

Existing evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) on static benchmarks is vulnerable to data contamination and leaderboard overfitting, critical issues that obscure true model capabilities. To address this, we introduce LLMEval-Fair, a…

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are pre-trained on ultra-large-scale corpora, the problem of data contamination is becoming increasingly serious, and there is a risk that static evaluation benchmarks overestimate the performance of LLMs. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Yang Fan

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) is increasingly confounded by \emph{variant contamination}: the training corpus contains semantically equivalent yet lexically or syntactically altered versions of test items. Unlike verbatim leakage,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Renzhao Liang , Jingru Chen , Bo Jia , Bo Deng , Chenggang Xie , Yidong Wang , Ke Jin , Xin Wang , Linfeng Zhang , Cunxiang Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning abilities across a wide range of tasks, but data contamination undermines the objective evaluation of these capabilities. This problem is further exacerbated by malicious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Yifan Lan , Yuanpu Cao , Hanyu Wang , Lu Lin , Jinghui Chen

Data contamination in model evaluation is getting increasingly prevalent as the massive training corpora of large language models often unintentionally include benchmark samples. Therefore, contamination analysis has became an inevitable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Yucheng Li

Public leaderboards increasingly suggest that large language models (LLMs) surpass human experts on benchmarks spanning academic knowledge, law, and programming. Yet most benchmarks are fully public, their questions widely mirrored across…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Eshwar Reddy M , Sourav Karmakar

Large language models are increasingly trained on all the data ever produced by humans. Many have raised concerns about the trustworthiness of public benchmarks due to potential contamination in pre-training or fine-tuning datasets. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Shuo Yang , Wei-Lin Chiang , Lianmin Zheng , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Ion Stoica

Large language models (LLMs) are notorious for hallucinating, i.e., producing erroneous claims in their output. Such hallucinations can be dangerous, as occasional factual inaccuracies in the generated text might be obscured by the rest of…

Benchmark data contamination has become a central challenge in LLM evaluation: when evaluation examples appear in the training data of one or more audited models, reported performance can be inflated and cross-model comparisons become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Zhenlong Liu , Hao Zeng , Hongxin Wei