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Missing data arises when certain values are not recorded or observed for variables of interest. However, most of the statistical theory assume complete data availability. To address incomplete databases, one approach is to fill the gaps…

Missing data has a ubiquitous presence in real-life applications of machine learning techniques. Imputation methods are algorithms conceived for restoring missing values in the data, based on other entries in the database. The choice of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-16 Unai Garciarena , Roberto Santana , Alexander Mendiburu

Missing values are a common phenomenon in all areas of applied research. While various imputation methods are available for metrically scaled variables, methods for categorical data are scarce. An imputation method that has been shown to…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-10-04 Shahla Faisal , Gerhard Tutz

This paper proposes an imputation procedure that uses the factors estimated from a tall block along with the re-rotated loadings estimated from a wide block to impute missing values in a panel of data. Assuming that a strong factor…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-08-13 Jushan Bai , Serena Ng

Missing data is a common problem which has consistently plagued statisticians and applied analytical researchers. While replacement methods like mean-based or hot deck imputation have been well researched, emerging imputation techniques…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-27 Seema Sangari , Herman E. Ray

Data values in a dataset can be missing or anomalous due to mishandling or human error. Analysing data with missing values can create bias and affect the inferences. Several analysis methods, such as principle components analysis or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Sandeep Hans , Diptikalyan Saha , Aniya Aggarwal

Multiple imputation (MI) is a popular approach for dealing with missing data arising from non-response in sample surveys. Multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE) is one of the most widely used MI algorithms for multivariate data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Zhenhua Wang , Olanrewaju Akande , Jason Poulos , Fan Li

Minimizing the Mean Squared Error (MSE) is a key objective in machine learning and is commonly used for imputing missing values. While this approach provides accurate point estimates, it introduces systematic biases in downstream analyses.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-06 Stef van Buuren

Multiple imputation is a highly recommended technique to deal with missing data, but the application to longitudinal datasets can be done in multiple ways. When a new wave of longitudinal data arrives, we can treat the combined data of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-18 X. M. Kavelaars , S. van Buuren , J. R. van Ginkel

Datasets with missing values are very common on industry applications, and they can have a negative impact on machine learning models. Recent studies introduced solutions to the problem of imputing missing values based on deep generative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-28 Ramiro D. Camino , Christian A. Hammerschmidt , Radu State

Many techniques for handling missing data have been proposed in the literature. Most of these techniques are overly complex. This paper explores an imputation technique based on rough set computations. In this paper, characteristic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Fulufhelo Vincent Nelwamondo , Tshilidzi Marwala

We propose a multiple imputation method to deal with incomplete categorical data. This method imputes the missing entries using the principal components method dedicated to categorical data: multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). The…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-06-01 Vincent Audigier , François Husson , Julie Josse

Missing data represents a fundamental challenge in machine learning applications, often reducing model performance and reliability. This problem is particularly acute in fields like bioinformatics and clinical machine learning, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Fatemeh Azad , Zoran Bosnić , Matjaž Kukar

Modern large scale datasets are often plagued with missing entries. For tabular data with missing values, a flurry of imputation algorithms solve for a complete matrix which minimizes some penalized reconstruction error. However, almost…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-20 Yuxuan Zhao , Madeleine Udell

Missing data is a common problem in practical data science settings. Various imputation methods have been developed to deal with missing data. However, even though the labels are available in the training data in many situations, the common…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Thu Nguyen , Tuan L. Vo , Pål Halvorsen , Michael A. Riegler

Missing data theory deals with the statistical methods in the occurrence of missing data. Missing data occurs when some values are not stored or observed for variables of interest. However, most of the statistical theory assumes that data…

Dealing with missing data is an important problem in statistical analysis that is often addressed with imputation procedures. The performance and validity of such methods are of great importance for their application in empirical studies.…

Applications · Statistics 2024-01-19 Jakob Schwerter , Ketevan Gurtskaia , Andrés Romero , Birgit Zeyer-Gliozzo , Markus Pauly

Machine learning techniques have been developed to learn from complete data. When missing values exist in a dataset, the incomplete data should be preprocessed separately by removing data points with missing values or imputation. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Hadi A. Khorshidi , Michael Kirley , Uwe Aickelin

Researchers addressing post-treatment complications in randomized trials often turn to principal stratification to define relevant assumptions and quantities of interest. One approach for estimating causal effects in this framework is to…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-06-09 Avi Feller , Fabrizia Mealli , Luke Miratrix

Generalized linear mixed models are useful in studying hierarchical data with possibly non-Gaussian responses. However, the intractability of likelihood functions poses challenges for estimation. We develop a new method suitable for this…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-26 Zexi Song , Zhiqiang Tan