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State-of-the-art language models (LMs) represented by long-short term memory recurrent neural networks (LSTM-RNNs) and Transformers are becoming increasingly complex and expensive for practical applications. Low-bit neural network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Junhao Xu , Jianwei Yu , Shoukang Hu , Xunying Liu , Helen Meng

Traditional post-training quantization (PTQ) is considered an effective approach to reduce model size and accelerate inference of large-scale language models (LLMs). However, existing low-rank PTQ methods require costly fine-tuning to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Hongyaoxing Gul , Lijuan Hu , Shuzi Niu , Fangfang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional performance but entail significant memory and computational costs, restricting their practical deployment. While existing INT4/INT8 quantization reduces these costs, they often degrade…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Hao Zhang , Aining Jia , Weifeng Bu , Yushu Cai , Kai Sheng , Hao Chen , Xin He

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in various tasks. However their huge model size and the consequent demand for computational and memory resources also pose challenges to model deployment. Currently, 4-bit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Jiayi Pan , Chengcan Wang , Kaifu Zheng , Yangguang Li , Zhenyu Wang , Bin Feng

The post-training quantization (PTQ) challenge of bringing quantized neural net accuracy close to original has drawn much attention driven by industry demand. Many of the methods emphasize optimization of a specific degree-of-freedom (DoF),…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-21 Alex Finkelstein , Ella Fuchs , Idan Tal , Mark Grobman , Niv Vosco , Eldad Meller

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, their deployment is challenging due to the substantial computational resources required. Power-of-two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Xinyu Wang , Vahid Partovi Nia , Peng Lu , Jerry Huang , Xiao-Wen Chang , Boxing Chen , Yufei Cui

Large language models (LLMs) are omnipresent, however their practical deployment is challenging due to their ever increasing computational and memory demands. Quantization is one of the most effective ways to make them more compute and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yelysei Bondarenko , Riccardo Del Chiaro , Markus Nagel

Quantizing the weights of large language models (LLMs) from 16-bit to lower bitwidth is the de facto approach to deploy massive transformers onto more affordable accelerators. While GPTQ emerged as one of the standard methods for one-shot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Jiale Chen , Yalda Shabanzadeh , Elvir Crnčević , Torsten Hoefler , Dan Alistarh

Post-training quantization (PTQ) is the go-to compression technique for large generative models, such as stable diffusion or large language models. PTQ methods commonly keep the softmax activation in higher precision as it has been shown to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Nilesh Prasad Pandey , Marios Fournarakis , Chirag Patel , Markus Nagel

Large language models (LLMs) have wide applications in the field of natural language processing(NLP), such as GPT-4 and Llama. However, with the exponential growth of model parameter sizes, LLMs bring significant resource overheads. Low-bit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Liangdong Liu , Zhitong Zheng , Cong Wang , Tianhuang Su , Zhenyu Yang

In recent years, compression of large language models (LLMs) has emerged as an important problem to enable language model deployment on resource-constrained devices, reduce computational costs, and mitigate the environmental footprint of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Sean I. Young

Large transformer models have demonstrated remarkable success. Post-training quantization (PTQ), which requires only a small dataset for calibration and avoids end-to-end retraining, is a promising solution for compressing these large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Zhikai Li , Xuewen Liu , Jing Zhang , Qingyi Gu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance across various language tasks but pose challenges for practical deployment due to their substantial memory requirements. Furthermore, the latest generative models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Young Jin Kim , Rawn Henry , Raffy Fahim , Hany Hassan Awadalla

Large language models (LLMs) require immense resources for training and inference. Quantization, a technique that reduces the precision of model parameters, offers a promising solution for improving LLM efficiency and sustainability. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Jacob Nielsen , Peter Schneider-Kamp , Lukas Galke

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) has received significant attention because it requires only a small set of calibration data to quantize a full-precision model, which is more practical in real-world applications in which full access to a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Cuong Pham , Hoang Anh Dung , Cuong C. Nguyen , Trung Le , Dinh Phung , Gustavo Carneiro , Thanh-Toan Do

Video matting is crucial for applications such as film production and virtual reality, yet deploying its computationally intensive models on resource-constrained devices presents challenges. Quantization is a key technique for model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Tianrui Zhu , Houyuan Chen , Ruihao Gong , Michele Magno , Haotong Qin , Kai Zhang

Reasoning models excel at complex tasks such as coding and mathematics, yet their inference is often slow and token-inefficient. To improve the inference efficiency, post-training quantization (PTQ) usually comes with the cost of large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Keyu Lv , Manyi Zhang , Xiaobo Xia , Jingchen Ni , Shannan Yan , Xianzhi Yu , Lu Hou , Chun Yuan , Haoli Bai

Large language models (LLMs) demand substantial computational and memory resources, posing challenges for efficient deployment. Two complementary approaches have emerged to address these issues: token-adaptive layer execution, which reduces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Kanghyun Noh , Jinheon Choi , Yulhwa Kim

Denoising diffusion models have emerged as state-of-the-art in generative tasks across image, audio, and video domains, producing high-quality, diverse, and contextually relevant data. However, their broader adoption is limited by high…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Jayneel Vora , Aditya Krishnan , Nader Bouacida , Prabhu RV Shankar , Prasant Mohapatra

Quantization is of significance for compressing the over-parameterized deep neural models and deploying them on resource-limited devices. Fixed-precision quantization suffers from performance drop due to the limited numerical representation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Chen Tang , Yuan Meng , Jiacheng Jiang , Shuzhao Xie , Rongwei Lu , Xinzhu Ma , Zhi Wang , Wenwu Zhu