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Maintaining benefits of CMOS technology scaling is becoming challenging due to increased manufacturing complexities and unwanted passive power dissipations. This is particularly challenging in SRAM, where manufacturing precision and leakage…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2014-04-03 Mostafizur Rahman , Santosh Khasanvis , Csaba Andras Moritz

Heterogeneous systems appear as a viable design alternative for the dark silicon era. In this paradigm, a processor chip includes several different technological alternatives for implementing a certain logical block (e.g., core, on-chip…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-10-31 M. Horro , G. Rodríguez , J. Touriño , M. T. Kandemir

AI's growing compute demand and new datacenter buildouts present major capacity and reliability challenges for the electricity grid, leading to multi-year interconnection delays for new datacenters and bottlenecking AI growth. To ease this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jae-Won Chung , Zhirui Liang , Yanyong Mao , Jiasi Chen , Mosharaf Chowdhury , Vladimir Dvorkin

Modern high-end systems are increasingly becoming heterogeneous, providing users options to use general purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPU) and other accelerators for additional performance. High Performance Computing (HPC) and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Alex Brooks , Philip Marshall , David Ozog , Md. Wasi-ur- Rahman , Lawrence Stewart , Rithwik Tom

Realizing today's cloud-level artificial intelligence functionalities directly on devices distributed at the edge of the internet calls for edge hardware capable of processing multiple modalities of sensory data (e.g. video, audio) at…

We introduce \emph{Adaptive RAG Memory} (ARM), a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) framework that replaces a static vector index with a \emph{dynamic} memory substrate governed by selective remembrance and decay. Frequently retrieved…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Okan Bursa

AI clusters today are one of the major uses of High Bandwidth Memory (HBM). However, HBM is suboptimal for AI workloads for several reasons. Analysis shows HBM is overprovisioned on write performance, but underprovisioned on density and…

This paper presents a novel architecture utilizing a 10T SRAM cell for XNOR-based in-memory computing, aimed at mitigating the extensive routing challenges typically encountered in conventional in-memory computing systems. By integrating a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Narendra Singh Dhakad , Santosh Kumar Vishvakarma

Recent studies introduce conditional memory modules that decouple knowledge storage from neural computation, enabling more direct knowledge access. Compared to MoE, which relies on dynamic computation paths, explicit lookup provides a more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuwen Qu , Wenhui Dong , Chenyang Si , Caifeng Shan

Traditional Von Neumann computing is falling apart in the era of exploding data volumes as the overhead of data transfer becomes forbidding. Instead, it is more energy-efficient to fuse compute capability with memory where the data reside.…

To understand and improve DRAM performance, reliability, security and energy efficiency, prior works study characteristics of commodity DRAM chips. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art open source infrastructures capable of conducting such…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ataberk Olgun , Hasan Hassan , A. Giray Yağlıkçı , Yahya Can Tuğrul , Lois Orosa , Haocong Luo , Minesh Patel , Oğuz Ergin , Onur Mutlu

Designing lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) models is an active research area in edge AI. Compute-in-memory (CIM) provides a new computing paradigm to alleviate time and energy consumption caused by data transfer in von Neumann…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wenyong Zhou , Yuan Ren , Jiajun Zhou , Tianshu Hou , Ngai Wong

While general-purpose computing follows Von Neumann's architecture, the data movement between memory and processor elements dictates the processor's performance. The evolving compute-in-memory (CiM) paradigm tackles this issue by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Dhandeep Challagundla , Ignatius Bezzam , Riadul Islam

Targeting error-tolerant applications, approximate computing relaxes rigid functional equivalence to significantly improve power, performance, and area. Traditional approximate logic synthesis (ALS) relies on incremental rewriting, limiting…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jingxin Wang , Shitong Guo , Wenhui Liang , Ruicheng Dai , Ruogu Ding , Xin Ning , Weikang Qian

Accommodating all the weights on-chip for large-scale NNs remains a great challenge for SRAM based computing-in-memory (SRAM-CIM) with limited on-chip capacity. Previous non-volatile SRAM-CIM (nvSRAM-CIM) addresses this issue by integrating…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Dengfeng Wang , Liukai Xu , Songyuan Liu , Zhi Li , Yiming Chen , Weifeng He , Xueqing Li , Yanan Sun

Efficient and coherent data retrieval and storage are essential for harnessing quantum algorithms' speedup. Such a fundamental task is addressed by a quantum Random Access Memory (qRAM). Despite their promising scaling properties, current…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Giuseppe De Riso , Giuseppe Catalano , Seth Lloyd , Vittorio Giovannetti , Dario De Santis

As DNNs are widely adopted in various application domains while demanding increasingly higher compute and memory requirements, designing efficient and performant NPUs (Neural Processing Units) is becoming more important. However, existing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Hyungkyu Ham , Wonhyuk Yang , Yunseon Shin , Okkyun Woo , Guseul Heo , Sangyeop Lee , Jongse Park , Gwangsun Kim

In most modern systems, the memory subsystem is managed and accessed at multiple different granularities at various resources. We observe that such multi-granularity management results in significant inefficiency in the memory subsystem.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2016-05-23 Vivek Seshadri

We propose overcoming the memory capacity limitation of GPUs with high-capacity Storage-Class Memory (SCM) and DRAM cache. By significantly increasing the memory capacity with SCM, the GPU can capture a larger fraction of the memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Jeongmin Hong , Sungjun Cho , Geonwoo Park , Wonhyuk Yang , Young-Ho Gong , Gwangsun Kim

Processing Using Memory (PUM) accelerators have the potential to perform Deep Neural Network (DNN) inference by using arrays of memory cells as computation engines. Among various memory technologies, ReRAM crossbars show promising…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Mohammad Sabri , Marc Riera , Antonio González