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Automatically predicting how difficult it is for humans to understand a code snippet can assist developers in tasks like deciding when and where to refactor. Despite many proposed code comprehensibility metrics, studies have shown they…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Nadeeshan De Silva , Martin Kellogg , Oscar Chaparro

Reasoning language models, which generate long chains of thought, dramatically outperform non-reasoning language models on abstract problems. However, the internal model mechanisms that allow this superior performance remain poorly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Dmitrii Kharlapenko , Alessandro Stolfo , Arthur Conmy , Mrinmaya Sachan , Zhijing Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) can achieve enhanced complex problem-solving through test-time computing scaling, yet this often entails longer contexts and numerous reasoning token costs. In this paper, we propose an efficient test-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Zhaojian Yu , Yinghao Wu , Yilun Zhao , Arman Cohan , Xiao-Ping Zhang

Interpreting the internal behavior of large language models trained on code remains a critical challenge, particularly for applications demanding trust, transparency, and semantic robustness. We propose Code Concept Analysis (CoCoA): a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Arushi Sharma , Vedant Pungliya , Christopher J. Quinn , Ali Jannesari

Human knowledge is collectively encoded in the roughly 6500 languages spoken around the world, but it is not distributed equally across languages. Hence, for information-seeking question answering (QA) systems to adequately serve speakers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Fahim Faisal , Antonios Anastasopoulos

Recently, large language models (LLMs), especially those that are pretrained on code, have demonstrated strong capabilities in generating programs from natural language inputs in a few-shot or even zero-shot manner. Despite promising…

Neural Language Models of Code, or Neural Code Models (NCMs), are rapidly progressing from research prototypes to commercial developer tools. As such, understanding the capabilities and limitations of such models is becoming critical.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-29 David N. Palacio , Alejandro Velasco , Nathan Cooper , Alvaro Rodriguez , Kevin Moran , Denys Poshyvanyk

Language models (LMs) have become a staple of the code-writing toolbox. Their pre-training recipe has, however, remained stagnant over recent years, barring the occasional changes in data sourcing and filtering strategies. In particular,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Indraneil Paul , Haoyi Yang , Goran Glavaš , Kristian Kersting , Iryna Gurevych

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in highly-specialized domains, however challenges are still present in aspects of accuracy and costs. These limitations restrict the usage of existing models in domain-specific tasks. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Iftach Arbel , Yehonathan Refael , Ofir Lindenbaum

This paper presents a practical investigation into fine-tuning model parameters for mathematical reasoning tasks through experimenting with various configurations including randomness control, reasoning depth, and sampling strategies,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Pranav Pawar , Dhwaj Jain , Varun Gupta , Kaustav Dedhia , Dashrath Kale , Sudhir Dhekane

This paper explores the limits of the current generation of large language models for program synthesis in general purpose programming languages. We evaluate a collection of such models (with between 244M and 137B parameters) on two new…

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities, but still struggle with complex reasoning tasks requiring multiple steps. While prompt-based methods like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) can improve LLM reasoning at inference time,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Haolin Chen , Yihao Feng , Zuxin Liu , Weiran Yao , Akshara Prabhakar , Shelby Heinecke , Ricky Ho , Phil Mui , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Huan Wang

Code cloning, the duplication of code fragments, is common in software development. While some reuse aids productivity, excessive cloning hurts maintainability and introduces bugs. Hence, automatic code clone detection is vital. Meanwhile,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Shihan Dou , Junjie Shan , Haoxiang Jia , Wenhao Deng , Zhiheng Xi , Wei He , Yueming Wu , Tao Gui , Yang Liu , Xuanjing Huang

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly advanced the field of automated code generation. LLMs rely on large and diverse datasets to learn syntax, semantics, and usage patterns of programming languages. For low-resource…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Alessandro Giagnorio , Alberto Martin-Lopez , Gabriele Bavota

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong code generation abilities in general-purpose programming languages but remain limited in specialized domains such as low-level embedded systems programming. This domain involves hardware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Amit Singh , Vedant Nipane , Pulkit Agrawal , Jatin Kishnani , Sairanjan Mishra

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown that test-time scaling can substantially improve model performance on complex tasks, particularly in the coding domain. Under this paradigm, models use a larger token budget during…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jiaxin Fang , Runyuan He , Sahil Bhatia , Neel Gajare , Alvin Cheung

Bimodal software analysis initially appeared to be within reach with the advent of large language models. Unfortunately, the complex interplay of natural language text and code in software engineering, presents unique challenges that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Xunzhu Tang , Liran Wang , Yonghui Liu , Linzheng Chai , Jian Yang , Zhoujun Li , Haoye Tian , Jacques Klein , Tegawende F. Bissyande

Large Language Models (LLMs) for code are a family of high-parameter, transformer-based neural networks pre-trained on massive datasets of both natural and programming languages. These models are rapidly being employed in commercial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-09 David N Palacio , Alejandro Velasco , Daniel Rodriguez-Cardenas , Kevin Moran , Denys Poshyvanyk

Binary code analysis plays a pivotal role in the field of software security and is widely used in tasks such as software maintenance, malware detection, software vulnerability discovery, patch analysis, etc. However, unlike source code,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Xiuwei Shang , Zhenkan Fu , Shaoyin Cheng , Guoqiang Chen , Gangyang Li , Li Hu , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

The capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly evolved, extending from natural language processing to complex tasks like code understanding and generation. We expand the scope of LLMs' capabilities to a broader context,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Chenyang Lyu , Lecheng Yan , Rui Xing , Wenxi Li , Younes Samih , Tianbo Ji , Longyue Wang