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We introduce AnyTool, a large language model agent designed to revolutionize the utilization of a vast array of tools in addressing user queries. We utilize over 16,000 APIs from Rapid API, operating under the assumption that a subset of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Yu Du , Fangyun Wei , Hongyang Zhang

Time series processing and feature extraction are crucial and time-intensive steps in conventional machine learning pipelines. Existing packages are limited in their applicability, as they cannot cope with irregularly-sampled or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Jonas Van Der Donckt , Jeroen Van Der Donckt , Emiel Deprost , Sofie Van Hoecke

When using an LLM through an API provider, users expect the served model to remain consistent over time, a property crucial for the reliability of downstream applications and the reproducibility of research. Existing audit methods are too…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Timothée Chauvin , Erwan Le Merrer , François Taïani , Gilles Tredan

Modern web services rely heavily on REST APIs, typically documented using the OpenAPI specification. The widespread adoption of this standard has resulted in the development of many black-box testing tools that generate tests based on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Myeongsoo Kim , Saurabh Sinha , Alessandro Orso

Tool-augmented LLM agents introduce security risks that extend beyond user-input filtering, including indirect prompt injection through fetched content, unsafe tool execution, credential leakage, and tampering with local control files. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Frank Li

The RPC calculus is a simple semantic foundation for multi-tier programming languages such as Links in which located functions can be written for the client-server model. Subsequently, the typed RPC calculus is designed to capture the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Kwanghoon Choi , James Cheney , Simon Fowler , Sam Lindley

With this paper, we introduce RESTifAI, an LLM-driven approach for generating reusable, CI/CD ready REST API tests, following the happy-path approach. Unlike existing tools that often focus primarily on internal server errors, RESTifAI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Leon Kogler , Maximilian Ehrhart , Benedikt Dornauer , Eduard Paul Enoiu

Locating files and functions requiring modification in large software repositories is challenging due to their scale and structural complexity. Existing LLM-based methods typically treat this as a repository-level retrieval task and rely on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Zhaoxi Zhang , Yitong Duan , Yanzhi Zhang , Yiming Xu , Zhixiang Wang , Kun Liang , Weikang Li , Jiahui Liang , Deguo Xia , Jizhou Huang , Jiyan He , Yunfang Wu

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) can yield capable agents and control policies in several domains but is commonly plagued by prohibitively long training times. Additionally, in the case of continuous control problems, the applicability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Jonas Eschmann , Dario Albani , Giuseppe Loianno

Modern generative agents such as OpenClaw - an open-source, self-hosted personal assistant with a community skill ecosystem, are gaining attention and are used pervasively. However, the openness and rapid growth of these ecosystems often…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ben Dong , Hui Feng , Qian Wang

As REST APIs have become widespread in modern web services, comprehensive testing of these APIs is increasingly crucial. Because of the vast search space of operations, parameters, and parameter values, along with their dependencies and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Tyler Stennett , Myeongsoo Kim , Saurabh Sinha , Alessandro Orso

Modern microservice systems exhibit continuous structural evolution in their runtime call graphs due to workload fluctuations, fault responses, and deployment activities. Despite this complexity, our analysis of over 500,000 production…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Yu Tang , Hailiang Zhao , Chuansheng Lu , Yifei Zhang , Kingsum Chow , Shuiguang Deng , Rui Shi

Tool using agents often fail for operational reasons even when language understanding is strong. Common causes include invalid arguments, interface drift, weak recovery, and inefficient retry behavior. We introduce ToolMisuseBench, an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Akshey Sigdel , Rista Baral

We propose a novel architecture for integrating large language models (LLMs) with a persistent, interactive Lisp environment. This setup enables LLMs to define, invoke, and evolve their own tools through programmatic interaction with a live…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Jordi de la Torre

The Check tools automate formal memory consistency model and security verification of processors by analyzing abstract models of microarchitectures, called $\mu$SPEC models. Despite the efficacy of this approach, a verification gap between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Yao Hsiao , Nikos Nikoleris , Artem Khyzha , Dominic P. Mulligan , Gustavo Petri , Christopher W. Fletcher , Caroline Trippel

The resurgence of autonomous agents built using large language models (LLMs) to solve complex real-world tasks has brought increased focus on LLMs' fundamental ability of tool or function calling. At the core of these agents, an LLM must…

Effective evaluation of multi-hop tool use is critical for analyzing the understanding, reasoning, and function-calling capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, progress has been hindered by a lack of reliable evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Junjie Ye , Zhengyin Du , Xuesong Yao , Weijian Lin , Yufei Xu , Zehui Chen , Zaiyuan Wang , Sining Zhu , Zhiheng Xi , Siyu Yuan , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang , Jiecao Chen

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has rapidly become a de facto standard for connecting LLM-based agents with external tools via reusable MCP servers. In practice, however, server selection and onboarding rely heavily on free-text tool…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Peiran Wang , Ying Li , Yuqiang Sun , Chengwei Liu , Yang Liu , Yuan Tian

The context window of a large language model is not memory. It is L1 cache: a small, fast, expensive resource that the field treats as the entire memory system. There is no L2, no virtual memory, no paging. Every tool definition, every…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Tony Mason

As AI-assisted development tools proliferate, developers face a growing challenge: understanding the cost, quality, and behavioral patterns of AI interactions across their workflow. We present a unified approach to AI observability for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Happy Bhati , Twinkll Sisodia