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Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a lucrative promise for scalable content moderation, including hate speech detection. However, they are also known to be brittle and biased against marginalised communities and dialects. This requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Ananya Malik , Kartik Sharma , Shaily Bhatt , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng

The massive spread of hate speech, hateful content targeted at specific subpopulations, is a problem of critical social importance. Automated methods of hate speech detection typically employ state-of-the-art deep learning (DL)-based text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Tomer Wullach , Amir Adler , Einat Minkov

Generated hateful and toxic content by a portion of users in social media is a rising phenomenon that motivated researchers to dedicate substantial efforts to the challenging direction of hateful content identification. We not only need an…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Marzieh Mozafari , Reza Farahbakhsh , Noel Crespi

We study whether large-scale unlabelled web data and LLM-based synthetic annotations can improve multilingual hate speech detection. Starting from texts crawled via OpenWebSearch.eu~(OWS) in four languages (English, German, Spanish,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Dang H. Dang , Jelena Mitrovi , Michael Granitzer

The fast spread of hate speech on social media impacts the Internet environment and our society by increasing prejudice and hurting people. Detecting hate speech has aroused broad attention in the field of natural language processing.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Junyu Lu , Hongfei Lin , Xiaokun Zhang , Zhaoqing Li , Tongyue Zhang , Linlin Zong , Fenglong Ma , Bo Xu

Hate speech has grown significantly on social media, causing serious consequences for victims of all demographics. Despite much attention being paid to characterize and detect discriminatory speech, most work has focused on explicit or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Mai ElSherief , Caleb Ziems , David Muchlinski , Vaishnavi Anupindi , Jordyn Seybolt , Munmun De Choudhury , Diyi Yang

Hate speech is harmful content that directly attacks or promotes hatred against members of groups or individuals based on actual or perceived aspects of identity, such as racism, religion, or sexual orientation. This can affect social life…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Arijit Das , Somashree Nandy , Rupam Saha , Srijan Das , Diganta Saha

Social media and online forums are increasingly becoming popular. Unfortunately, these platforms are being used for spreading hate speech. In this paper, we design black-box techniques to protect users from hate-speech on online platforms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Sampanna Yashwant Kahu , Naman Ahuja

The internet has become a hotspot for hate speech (HS), threatening societal harmony and individual well-being. While automatic detection methods perform well in identifying explicit hate speech (ex-HS), they struggle with more subtle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Lu Wei , Liangzhi Li , Tong Xiang , Xiao Liu , Noa Garcia

Automatic hate speech detection is hampered by the scarcity of labeled datasetd, leading to poor generalization. We employ pretrained language models (LMs) to alleviate this data bottleneck. We utilize the GPT LM for generating large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Tomer Wullach , Amir Adler , Einat Minkov

Sentiment analysis focuses on identifying the emotional polarity expressed in textual data, typically categorized as positive, negative, or neutral. Hate speech detection, on the other hand, aims to recognize content that incites violence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Meysam Shirdel Bilehsavar , Negin Mahmoudi , Mohammad Jalili Torkamani , Kiana Kiashemshaki

While NLP research into hate speech detection has grown exponentially in the last three decades, there has been minimal uptake or engagement from policy makers and non-profit organisations. We argue the absence of ethical frameworks have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Sidney Gig-Jan Wong

Large Language Models (LLMs) are the cornerstone for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks like sentiment analysis, document classification, named entity recognition, question answering, summarization, etc. LLMs are often trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Christoph Tillmann , Aashka Trivedi , Bishwaranjan Bhattacharjee

Hate speech spreads widely online, harming individuals and communities, making automatic detection essential for large-scale moderation, yet detecting it remains difficult. Part of the challenge lies in subjectivity: what one person flags…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Paloma Piot , David Otero , Patricia Martín-Rodilla , Javier Parapar

Hate speech is one of the main threats posed by the widespread use of social networks, despite efforts to limit it. Although attention has been devoted to this issue, the lack of datasets and case studies centered around scarcely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Camilla Casula , Sara Tonelli

In the day and age of social media, users have become prone to online hate speech. Several attempts have been made to classify hate speech using machine learning but the state-of-the-art models are not robust enough for practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Tashvik Dhamija , Anjum , Rahul Katarya

The goal of hate speech detection is to filter negative online content aiming at certain groups of people. Due to the easy accessibility of social media platforms it is crucial to protect everyone which requires building hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Irina Bigoulaeva , Viktor Hangya , Iryna Gurevych , Alexander Fraser

Automatic counterspeech generation methods have been developed to assist efforts in combating hate speech. Existing research focuses on generating counterspeech with linguistic attributes such as being polite, informative, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Lingzi Hong , Pengcheng Luo , Eduardo Blanco , Xiaoying Song

The rapid proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has created an urgent need for robust and generalizable detectors of machine-generated text. Existing benchmarks typically evaluate a single detector on a single dataset under ideal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Madhav S. Baidya , S. S. Baidya , Chirag Chawla

The powerful ability to understand, follow, and generate complex language emerging from large language models (LLMs) makes LLM-generated text flood many areas of our daily lives at an incredible speed and is widely accepted by humans. As…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Junchao Wu , Shu Yang , Runzhe Zhan , Yulin Yuan , Derek F. Wong , Lidia S. Chao