Related papers: Ptolemy's equation and kin
Let P be a point inside a convex quadrilateral ABCD. The lines from P to the vertices of the quadrilateral divide the quadrilateral into four triangles. If we locate a triangle center in each of these triangles, the four triangle centers…
We briefly review the current situation with various relations between knot/braid polynomials (Chern-Simons correlation functions), ordinary and extended, considered as functions of the representation and of the knot topology. These include…
We study the relative complexity of equivalence relations and preorders from computability theory and complexity theory. Given binary relations $R, S$, a componentwise reducibility is defined by $ R\le S \iff \ex f \, \forall x, y \, [xRy…
We extend topologically massive electrodynamics, both by adding a higher derivative action to cast the entire three-term model in Chern-Simons (CS) form, and by embedding it in an AdS background. It can then be written as the sum of two CS…
We simplify, to a single integral of dilogarithms, the least tractable O(1/N^3) contribution to the large-N critical exponent $\eta$ of the non-linear sigma-model, and hence $\phi^4$-theory, for any spacetime dimensionality, D. It is the…
We present an algebraic generalization of Euler's theorem for quadrilaterals. Starting from the parallelogram identity in an inner product space, we derive Apollonius' identity and obtain Euler's quadrilateral identity in a unified vector…
Sperner theory is one of the most important branches in extremal set theory. It has many applications in the field of operation research, computer science, hypergraph theory and so on. The LYM property has become an important tool for…
We investigate the sequence $(P_{n}(z))_{n=0}^{\infty}$ of random polynomials generated by the three-term recurrence relation $P_{n+1}(z)=z P_{n}(z)-a_{n} P_{n-1}(z)$, $n\geq 1$, with initial conditions $P_{\ell}(z)=z^{\ell}$, $\ell=0, 1$,…
The exponential orthogonal polynomials encode via the theory of hyponormal operators a shade function $g$ supported by a bounded planar shape. We prove under natural regularity assumptions that these complex polynomials satisfy a three term…
In this paper, we construct invariants of braids, knots and links by studying dynamics of points in $\R^{2}$ and applying the Ptolemy relation $ac+bd=xy$.
We study the following kth order rational difference equation assuming nonnegative parameters and nonnegative initial conditions $$x_{n}=\frac{\alpha+\sum_{i=1}^{k}\beta_{i}x_{n-i}} {A+\sum_{j=1}^{k}B_{j}x_{n-j}},\quad n\in\mathbb{N}.$$ We…
Part I: The two-dimensional Pascal Triangle will be generalized into a three-dimensional Pascal Pyramid and four-, five- or whatsoever-dimensional hyper-pyramids. Part II: The Bilateral Binomial Theorem will be generalised into a Bilateral…
Classes of polynomial differential equations of degree n are considered. An explicit upper bound on the size of the coefficients are given which implies that each equation in the class has exactly n complex periodic solutions. In most of…
We discuss five discrete results: the lemmas of Sperner and Tucker from combinatorial topology and the theorems of Carath\'eodory, Helly, and Tverberg from combinatorial geometry. We explore their connections and emphasize their broad…
We apply KAM theory to the equation of the forced relativistic pendulum to prove that all the solutions have bounded momentum. Subsequently, we detect the existence of quasiperiodic solutions in a generalized sense. This is achieved using a…
A general type of nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation is derived directly from a master equation, by introducing generalized transition rates. The H-theorem is demonstrated for systems that follow those classes of nonlinear Fokker-Planck…
The Boubaker polynomials are investigated in this paper. Using Riordan matrices analysis, a sequence of relations outlining the relations with Chebyshev and Fermat polynomials have been obtained. The obtained expressions are a meaningful…
We consider some bilinear recurrences that have applications in number theory. The explicit solution of a general three-term bilinear recurrence relation of fourth order is given in terms of the Weierstrass sigma function for an associated…
The Faddeev-Yakubovski equations are solved in configuration space for low energy four-nucleon continuum states. Coulomb interaction was included into the formalism permitting an exact description of the scattering states in p+$^{3}$He and…
The aim of this work is to consider the bicomplex third-order Jacobsthal quaternions and to present some properties involving this sequence, including the Binet-style formulae and the generating functions. Furthermore, Cassini's identity…