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Quantum transduction, the process of converting quantum signals from one form of energy to another, is an important area of quantum science and technology. The present perspective article reviews quantum transduction between microwave and…

Superconducting quantum processors are a leading platform for implementing practical quantum computation algorithms. Although superconducting quantum processors with hundreds of qubits have been demonstrated, their further scaling up is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Yiyu Zhou , Yufeng Wu , Chunzhen Li , Mohan Shen , Likai Yang , Jiacheng Xie , Hong X. Tang

A microwave-optical photon converter with high efficiency ($>50$ %) and low added noise ($\ll 1$ photon) could enable the creation of scalable quantum networks where quantum information is distributed optically and processed in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-25 M Khalifa , P S Kirwin , Jeff F Young , J Salfi

A protocol is discussed which allows one to realize a transducer for single photons between the optical and the microwave frequency range. The transducer is a spin ensemble, where the individual emitters possess both an optical and a…

Optical communication is the standard for high-bandwidth information transfer in today's digital age. The increasing demand for bandwidth has led to the maturation of coherent transceivers that use phase- and amplitude-modulated optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-24 John Crossman , Spencer Dimitroff , Lukasz Cincio , Mohan Sarovar

High-speed long-range quantum communication requires combining frequency multiplexed photonic channels with quantum memories. We experimentally demonstrate an integrated quantum frequency conversion protocol that can convert between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Paul Fisher , Robert Cernansky , Ben Haylock , Mirko Lobino

Bidirectional conversion of electrical and optical signals lies at the foundation of the global internet. Such converters are employed at repeater stations to extend the reach of long-haul fiber optic communication systems and within data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-29 Mohammad Mirhosseini , Alp Sipahigil , Mahmoud Kalaee , Oskar Painter

The quantum transduction between microwave and optical photons is essential for realizing scalable quantum computers with superconducting qubits. Due to the large frequency difference between microwave and optical ranges, the transduction…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Akihiko Sekine , Mari Ohfuchi , Yoshiyasu Doi

Photons at telecom wavelength are the ideal choice for high density interconnects while solid state qubits in the microwave domain offer strong interactions for fast quantum logic. Here we present a general purpose, quantum-enabled…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-30 Rishabh Sahu , William Hease , Alfredo Rueda , Georg Arnold , Liu Qiu , Johannes Fink

Quantum communication at microwave frequencies has been fundamentally constrained by the susceptibility of microwave photons to thermal noise, hindering their application in scalable quantum networks. Here we demonstrate a…

Wavelength transduction of single-photon signals is indispensable to networked quantum applications, particularly those incorporating quantum memories. Lithium niobate nanophotonic devices have demonstrated favorable linear, nonlinear, and…

Optics · Physics 2021-07-21 Heng Fan , Zhaohui Ma , Jiayang Chen , Zhan Li , Chao Tang , Yongmeng Sua , Yuping Huang

Entanglement across distant frequency bands is a crucial resource in quantum networking. However, directly entangling crossband photons, e.g., microwave and optical, is challenging. Furthermore, distributing crossband entanglement via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Haowei Shi , Quntao Zhuang

The quantum bits (qubits) on which superconducting quantum computers are based have energy scales corresponding to photons with GHz frequencies. The energy of photons in the gigahertz domain is too low to allow transmission through the…

Fiber optic communication is the backbone of our modern information society, offering high bandwidth, low loss, weight, size and cost, as well as an immunity to electromagnetic interference. Microwave photonics lends these advantages to…

Superconducting quantum processors operate at microwave frequencies in millikelvin environments, making it challenging to interconnect distant nodes using conventional microwave wiring. Coherent microwave-to-optical (M2O) transduction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-02 Yufeng Wu , Yiyu Zhou , Haoqi Zhao , Danqing Wang , Matthew D. LaHaye , Daniel L. Campbell , Hong X. Tang

Quantum microwave photonics aims at generating, routing, and manipulating propagating quantum microwave fields in the spirit of optical photonics. To this end, the strong nonlinearities of superconducting quantum circuits can be used to…

Efficient and coherent conversion between microwave and optical signals is crucial for a wide range of applications, from quantum information processing to microwave photonics and radar systems. However, existing conversion techniques rely…

Entangling superconducting quantum processors via light would enable new means of secure communication and distributed quantum computing. However, transducing quantum signals between these disparate regimes of the electromagnetic spectrum…

Quantum states encoded in microwave photons or qubits can be effectively manipulated, whereas optical photons can be coherently transferred via optical fibre and waveguide. The reversible conversion of quantum states between microwave and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-20 Lin Tian

Low-loss transmission and sensitive recovery of weak radio-frequency (rf) and microwave signals is an ubiquitous technological challenge, crucial in fields as diverse as radio astronomy, medical imaging, navigation and communication,…