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Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims at identifying samples from unknown classes, playing a crucial role in trustworthy models against errors on unexpected inputs. Extensive research has been dedicated to exploring OOD detection in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Xue Jiang , Feng Liu , Zhen Fang , Hong Chen , Tongliang Liu , Feng Zheng , Bo Han

Existing prompt learning methods have shown certain capabilities in Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, but the lack of OOD images in the target dataset in their training can lead to mismatches between OOD images and In-Distribution (ID)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Tianqi Li , Guansong Pang , Xiao Bai , Wenjun Miao , Jin Zheng

How can models effectively detect out-of-distribution (OOD) samples in complex, multi-label settings without extensive retraining? Existing OOD detection methods struggle to capture the intricate semantic relationships and label…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zhendong Liu , Yi Nian , Yuehan Qin , Henry Peng Zou , Li Li , Xiyang Hu , Yue Zhao

Open-set node classification (OSNC) allows unlabeled test data to contain novel classes previously unseen in the labeled data. The goal is to classify in-distribution (ID) nodes into corresponding known classes and reject…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Junwei Gong , Xiao Shen , Zhihao Chen , Shirui Pan , Xiao Wang , Xi Zhou

Detection of out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is crucial for safe real-world deployment of machine learning models. Recent advances in vision language foundation models have made them capable of detecting OOD samples without requiring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Hao Fu , Naman Patel , Prashanth Krishnamurthy , Farshad Khorrami

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has seen significant advancements with zero-shot approaches by leveraging the powerful Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP. However, prior research works have predominantly focused on enhancing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Pei-Kang Lee , Jun-Cheng Chen , Ja-Ling Wu

When deployed for risk-sensitive tasks, deep neural networks must be able to detect instances with labels from outside the distribution for which they were trained. In this paper we present a novel framework to benchmark the ability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Ido Galil , Mohammed Dabbah , Ran El-Yaniv

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection refers to training the model on an in-distribution (ID) dataset to classify whether the input images come from unknown classes. Considerable effort has been invested in designing various OOD detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Hualiang Wang , Yi Li , Huifeng Yao , Xiaomeng Li

As vision-language models like CLIP are widely applied to zero-shot tasks and gain remarkable performance on in-distribution (ID) data, detecting and rejecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs in the zero-shot setting have become crucial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Choubo Ding , Guansong Pang

Recent large vision-language models such as CLIP have shown remarkable out-of-distribution (OOD) detection and generalization performance. However, their zero-shot in-distribution (ID) accuracy is often limited for downstream datasets.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Yifei Ming , Yixuan Li

Recent research has shown that pre-trained vision-language models are effective at identifying out-of-distribution (OOD) samples by using negative labels as guidance. However, employing consistent negative labels across different OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yabin Zhang , Lei Zhang

Large-scale visual out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has witnessed remarkable progress by leveraging vision-language models such as CLIP. However, a significant limitation of current methods is their reliance on a pre-defined set of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Nikolas Adaloglou , Diana Petrusheva , Mohamed Asker , Felix Michels , Markus Kollmann

Out-of-distribution detection (OOD) is a pivotal task for real-world applications that trains models to identify samples that are distributionally different from the in-distribution (ID) data during testing. Recent advances in AI,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Chaohua Li , Enhao Zhang , Chuanxing Geng , Songcan Chen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for ensuring the reliability and safety of machine learning models in real-world applications. While zero-shot OOD detection, which requires no training on in-distribution (ID) data, has become…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Yu Liu , Hao Tang , Haiqi Zhang , Jing Qin , Zechao Li

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is essential when deploying machine learning models in open-world scenarios. Zero-shot OOD detection, requiring no training on in-distribution (ID) data, has been possible with the advent of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Chentao Cao , Zhun Zhong , Zhanke Zhou , Yang Liu , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han

We focus on the challenge of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection in deep learning models, a crucial aspect in ensuring reliability. Despite considerable effort, the problem remains significantly challenging in deep learning models due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Yunhao Ge , Jie Ren , Jiaping Zhao , Kaifeng Chen , Andrew Gallagher , Laurent Itti , Balaji Lakshminarayanan

Robust out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an indispensable component of modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems, especially in safety-critical applications where models must identify inputs from unfamiliar classes not seen during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Tarhib Al Azad , Shahana Ibrahim

Ensuring reliability is paramount in deep learning, particularly within the domain of medical imaging, where diagnostic decisions often hinge on model outputs. The capacity to separate out-of-distribution (OOD) samples has proven to be a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Anju Chhetri , Jari Korhonen , Prashnna Gyawali , Binod Bhattarai

Deep neural classifiers trained with cross-entropy loss (CE loss) often suffer from poor calibration, necessitating the task of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. Traditional supervised OOD detection methods require expensive manual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Dheeraj Mekala , Adithya Samavedhi , Chengyu Dong , Jingbo Shang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for ensuring the safety and reliability of machine learning systems, particularly in dynamic and open-world environments. In the vision and text domains, zero-shot OOD detection - which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Haoyan Xu , Zhengtao Yao , Xuzhi Zhang , Ziyi Wang , Langzhou He , Yushun Dong , Philip S. Yu , Mengyuan Li , Yue Zhao
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