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Recent research highlights the potential of multimodal foundation models in tackling complex decision-making challenges. However, their large parameters make real-world deployment resource-intensive and often impractical for constrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Donghoon Lee , Tung M. Luu , Younghwan Lee , Chang D. Yoo

Reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) has improved the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), but most existing approaches rely on sparse outcome-level feedback. This sparsity creates a credit assignment…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Huining Yuan , Zelai Xu , Huaijie Wang , Xiangmin Yi , Jiaxuan Gao , Xiao-Ping Zhang , Yu Wang , Chao Yu , Yi Wu

We propose ProofNet++, a neuro-symbolic framework that enhances automated theorem proving by combining large language models (LLMs) with formal proof verification and self-correction mechanisms. Current LLM-based systems suffer from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Murari Ambati

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into automated theorem proving has shown immense promise, yet is fundamentally constrained by challenges in scaling up both training-time reinforcement learning (RL) and inference-time…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Ran Xin , Zeyu Zheng , Yanchen Nie , Kun Yuan , Xia Xiao

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized code generation, standard ``System 1'' approaches that generate solutions in a single forward pass often hit a performance ceiling on complex algorithmic tasks. Existing iterative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Juyong Jiang , Jiasi Shen , Sunghun Kim , Kang Min Yoo , Jeonghoon Kim , Sungju Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced Verilog code generation significantly, yet face challenges in data quality, reasoning capabilities, and computational efficiency. This paper presents ReasoningV, a novel model employing a hybrid…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Haiyan Qin , Zhiwei Xie , Jingjing Li , Liangchen Li , Xiaotong Feng , Junzhan Liu , Wang Kang

Small Language Models (SLMs) are a cost-effective alternative to Large Language Models (LLMs), but often struggle with complex reasoning due to their limited capacity and a tendency to produce mistakes or inconsistent answers during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yuanfeng Xu , Zehui Dai , Jian Liang , Jiapeng Guan , Guangrun Wang , Liang Lin , Xiaohui Lv

LLMs can solve complex tasks by generating long, multi-step reasoning chains. Test-time scaling (TTS) can further improve performance by sampling multiple variants of intermediate reasoning steps, verifying their correctness, and selecting…

The application of reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance the reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) constitutes a rapidly advancing research area. While MLLMs extend Large Language Models (LLMs) to handle…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Guanghao Zhou , Panjia Qiu , Cen Chen , Jie Wang , Zheming Yang , Jian Xu , Minghui Qiu

Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently emerged as a compelling approach for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), where an LLM generator serves as a policy guided by a verifier (reward model). However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Kaiwen Zha , Zhengqi Gao , Maohao Shen , Zhang-Wei Hong , Duane S. Boning , Dina Katabi

Recent progress in Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) has significantly enhanced the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), empowering them to tackle increasingly complex tasks through reflection capabilities, such as making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Jianghao Chen , Zhenlin Wei , Zhenjiang Ren , Ziyong Li , Jiajun Zhang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a dominant paradigm for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) reasoning, yet its reliance on external verifiers limits its scalability. Recent findings suggest that RLVR…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Xin-Qiang Cai , Masashi Sugiyama

Verifiers are auxiliary models that assess the correctness of outputs generated by base large language models (LLMs). They play a crucial role in many strategies for solving reasoning-intensive problems with LLMs. Typically, verifiers are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Bartosz Piotrowski , Witold Drzewakowski , Konrad Staniszewski , Piotr Miłoś

Large language models (LLMs) can transform education, but their optimization for direct question-answering often undermines effective pedagogy which requires strategically withholding answers. To mitigate this, we propose an online…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 David Dinucu-Jianu , Jakub Macina , Nico Daheim , Ido Hakimi , Iryna Gurevych , Mrinmaya Sachan

Many applications of large language models (LLMs) require deductive reasoning, yet models frequently produce incorrect or redundant inference steps. We frame natural language inference as a search problem where the final answer is the valid…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Andreas Opedal , Francesco Ignazio Re , Abulhair Saparov , Mrinmaya Sachan , Bernhard Schölkopf , Ryan Cotterell

Verifiable generation aims to let the large language model (LLM) generate text with supporting documents, which enables the user to flexibly verify the answer and makes the LLM's output more reliable. Retrieval plays a crucial role in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Xiaonan Li , Changtai Zhu , Linyang Li , Zhangyue Yin , Tianxiang Sun , Xipeng Qiu

We present Prover Agent, a novel AI agent for automated theorem proving that integrates large language models (LLMs) with a formal proof assistant, Lean. Prover Agent coordinates an informal reasoning LLM, a formal prover model, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Kaito Baba , Chaoran Liu , Shuhei Kurita , Akiyoshi Sannai

Recently, advanced large language models (LLMs) have emerged at an increasingly rapid pace. However, when faced with complex problems, most users are often unable to provide accurate and effective prompts to interact with LLMs, thus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Wenjin Liu , Haoran Luo , Xueyuan Lin , Haoming Liu , Tiesunlong Shen , Jiapu Wang , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in proving formal theorems using proof assistants such as Lean. However, existing methods are difficult to reproduce or build on, due to private code, data, and large compute requirements.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Kaiyu Yang , Aidan M. Swope , Alex Gu , Rahul Chalamala , Peiyang Song , Shixing Yu , Saad Godil , Ryan Prenger , Anima Anandkumar

Time series is a pervasive data type across various application domains, rendering the reasonable solving of diverse time series tasks a long-standing goal. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs), especially their reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jiahui Zhou , Dan Li , Boxin Li , Xiao Zhang , Erli Meng , Lin Li , Zhuomin Chen , Jian Lou , See-Kiong Ng