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A non-equilibrium open-dissipative neural network, such as a coherent Ising machine based on mutually coupled optical parametric oscillators, has been proposed and demonstrated as a novel computing machine for hard combinatorial…

Due to an extremely rugged structure of the free energy landscape, the determination of spin-glass ground states is among the hardest known optimization problems, found to be NP-hard in the most general case. Owing to the specific structure…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2011-11-10 Martin Weigel

Networks of optical oscillators simulating coupled Ising spins have been recently proposed as a heuristic platform to solve hard optimization problems. These networks, called coherent Ising machines (CIMs), exploit the fact that the…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Marcello Calvanese Strinati , Davide Pierangeli , Claudio Conti

Ising machines (IM) have recently been proposed as unconventional hardware-based computation accelerators for solving NP-hard problems. In this work, we present a model for a time-multiplexed IM based on the nonlinear oscillations in a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2024-06-12 Roman V. Ovcharov , Victor H. González , Artem Litvinenko , Johan Åkerman , Roman S. Khymyn

Ising machines can solve combinatorial optimization problems by representing them as energy minimization problems. A common implementation is the probabilistic Ising machine (PIM), which uses probabilistic (p-) bits to represent coupled…

Combinatorial optimization problems in logistics, finance, energy, and scheduling routinely involve multi-state decision variables. Ising machines (IMs) require binary expansions (e.g., one-hot encoding) to encode such variables, whereas…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-12 Bjarke Almer Frederiksen , Robbe De Prins , Peter Bienstman

Population annealing is a variant of the simulated annealing algorithm that improves the quality of the thermalization process in systems with rough free-energy landscapes by introducing a resampling process. We consider the diluted…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-08-26 Fernando Martínez-García , Diego Porras

We investigate the application of graph-cut methods for the study of the critical behaviour of the two-dimensional random-field Ising model. We focus on exact ground-state calculations, crossing the phase boundary of the model at zero…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-04-04 Argyro Mainou , Nikolaos G. Fytas , Martin Weigel

The rich non-linear dynamics of the coupled oscillators (under second harmonic injection) can be leveraged to solve computationally hard problems in combinatorial optimization such as finding the ground state of the Ising Hamiltonian. While…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-17 Mohammad Khairul Bashar , Zongli Lin , Nikhil Shukla

A coherent Ising machine (CIM) is known to deliver the low-energy states of the Ising model. Here, we investigate how well the CIM simulates the thermodynamic properties of a two-dimensional square-lattice Ising model. Assuming that the…

Ising machines (IMs) are specialized devices designed to efficiently solve combinatorial optimization problems. Among such problems, Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) is particularly relevant in industrial applications. To solve SAT problems…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-08-01 Robbe De Prins , Guy Van der Sande , Peter Bienstman , Thomas Van Vaerenbergh

Many combinatorial optimization problems can be reformulated as finding the ground state of the Ising model. Existing Ising solvers are mostly inspired by simulated annealing. Although annealing techniques offer scalability, they lack…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Debraj Banerjee , Santanu Mahapatra , Kunal Narayan Chaudhury

We propose a novel type of minor-embedding (ME) in simulated-annealing-based Ising machines. The Ising machines can solve combinatorial optimization problems. Many combinatorial optimization problems are mapped to find the ground…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-12-07 Tatsuhiko Shirai , Shu Tanaka , Nozomu Togawa

The periodically driven quantum Ising chain has recently attracted a large attention in the context of Floquet engineering. In addition to the common paramagnet and ferromagnet, this driven model can give rise to new topological phases. In…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2017-07-26 Angelo Russomanno , Bat-el Friedman , Emanuele G. Dalla Torre

The recent emergence of novel computational devices, such as adiabatic quantum computers, CMOS annealers, and optical parametric oscillators, present new opportunities for hybrid-optimization algorithms that are hardware accelerated by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-20 Carleton Coffrin , Harsha Nagarajan , Russell Bent

Probabilistic computing with pbits is emerging as a computational paradigm for machine learning and for facing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) with the so-called probabilistic Ising machines (PIMs). From a hardware point of view,…

The extended Ising machine (EIM) enhances conventional Ising models, which handle only binary quadratic forms by allowing constraints through real-valued dependent variables. We address the quadratic knapsack problem (QKP), hard to solve…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-08-12 Haruka Akishima , Hirotaka Tamura , Kazue Kudo

From condensed matter to quantum chromodynamics, multidimensional spins are a fundamental paradigm, with a pivotal role in combinatorial optimization and machine learning. Machines formed by coupled parametric oscillators can simulate spin…

Optics · Physics 2022-11-29 Marcello Calvanese Strinati , Claudio Conti

To enhance the performance of quantum annealing machines, several methods have been proposed to reduce the number of spins by fixing spin values through preprocessing. We proposed a hybrid optimization method that combines a simulated…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-07-22 Shuta Kikuchi , Nozomu Togawa , Shu Tanaka

Neural network quantum states are a promising tool to analyze complex quantum systems given their representative power. It can however be difficult to optimize efficiently and effectively the parameters of this type of ansatz. Here we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-10 Wenxuan Zhang , Xiansong Xu , Zheyu Wu , Vinitha Balachandran , Dario Poletti
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