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Humanoid robots are expected to operate in human-centered environments where safe and natural physical interaction is essential. However, most recent reinforcement learning (RL) policies emphasize rigid tracking and suppress external…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Qingzhou Lu , Yao Feng , Baiyu Shi , Michael Piseno , Zhenan Bao , C. Karen Liu

Deep neural networks coupled with fast simulation and improved computation have led to recent successes in the field of reinforcement learning (RL). However, most current RL-based approaches fail to generalize since: (a) the gap between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-09 Lerrel Pinto , James Davidson , Rahul Sukthankar , Abhinav Gupta

Legged robots must exhibit robust and agile locomotion across diverse, unstructured terrains, a challenge exacerbated under blind locomotion settings where terrain information is unavailable. This work introduces a hierarchical…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Matheus P. Angarola , Francisco Affonso , Marcelo Becker

Reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated impressive performance in legged locomotion over various challenging environments. However, due to the sim-to-real gap and lack of explainability, unconstrained RL policies deployed in the real…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Haoyu Wang , Ruyi Zhou , Liang Ding , Tie Liu , Zhelin Zhang , Peng Xu , Haibo Gao , Zongquan Deng

Deep neural networks have demonstrated their capability to learn control policies for a variety of tasks. However, these neural network-based policies have been shown to be susceptible to exploitation by adversarial agents. Therefore, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Sampo Kuutti , Saber Fallah , Richard Bowden

Quadruped robots have shown remarkable mobility on various terrains through reinforcement learning. Yet, in the presence of sparse footholds and risky terrains such as stepping stones and balance beams, which require precise foot placement…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Chong Zhang , Nikita Rudin , David Hoeller , Marco Hutter

This paper addresses the challenge of terrain-adaptive dynamic locomotion in humanoid robots, a problem traditionally tackled by optimization-based methods or reinforcement learning (RL). Optimization-based methods, such as model-predictive…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Shangqun Yu , Nisal Perera , Daniel Marew , Donghyun Kim

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has enabled training action-selection policies, end-to-end, by learning a function which maps image pixels to action outputs. However, it's application to visuomotor robotic policy training has been limited…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-09-18 Xi Chen , Ali Ghadirzadeh , Mårten Björkman , Patric Jensfelt

Model-based reinforcement learning has attracted much attention due to its high sample efficiency and is expected to be applied to real-world robotic applications. In the real world, as unobservable disturbances can lead to unexpected…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Taisuke Kobayashi

Offline reinforcement learning enables sample-efficient policy acquisition without risky online interaction, yet policies trained on static datasets remain brittle under action-space perturbations such as actuator faults. This study…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Shingo Ayabe , Hiroshi Kera , Kazuhiko Kawamoto

Stable locomotion in precipitous environments is an essential task for quadruped robots, requiring the ability to resist various external disturbances. Recent neural policies enhance robustness against disturbances by learning to resist…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Junfeng Long , Wenye Yu , Quanyi Li , Zirui Wang , Dahua Lin , Jiangmiao Pang

Humanoid robots have the promise of locomoting like humans, including fast and dynamic running. Recently, reinforcement learning (RL) controllers that can mimic human motions have become popular as they can generate very dynamic behaviors,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Zachary Olkin , William D. Compton , Ryan M. Bena , Aaron D. Ames

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) policies are known to be vulnerable to adversarial perturbations to their observations, similar to adversarial examples for classifiers. However, an attacker is not usually able to directly modify another…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Adam Gleave , Michael Dennis , Cody Wild , Neel Kant , Sergey Levine , Stuart Russell

Reinforcement learning (RL) is widely used for humanoid control, with on-policy methods such as Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) enabling robust training via large-scale parallel simulation and, in some cases, zero-shot deployment to real…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Weidong Huang , Zhehan Li , Hangxin Liu , Biao Hou , Yao Su , Jingwen Zhang

We address adversarial attacks on the actuators at the joints of legged robots trained by deep reinforcement learning. The vulnerability to the joint attacks can significantly impact the safety and robustness of legged robots. In this…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Takuto Otomo , Hiroshi Kera , Kazuhiko Kawamoto

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a subfield of machine learning for training autonomous agents that take sequential actions across complex environments. Despite its significant performance in well-known environments, it remains…

Bipedal locomotion makes humanoid robots inherently prone to falls, causing catastrophic damage to the expensive sensors, actuators, and structural components of full-scale robots. To address this critical barrier to real-world deployment,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ziyu Meng , Tengyu Liu , Le Ma , Yingying Wu , Ran Song , Wei Zhang , Siyuan Huang

Enabling humanoid robots to achieve natural and dynamic locomotion across a wide range of speeds, including smooth transitions from walking to running, presents a significant challenge. Existing deep reinforcement learning methods typically…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Qingpeng Li , Chengrui Zhu , Yanming Wu , Xin Yuan , Zhen Zhang , Jian Yang , Yong Liu

Our ultimate goal is to build robust policies for robots that assist people. What makes this hard is that people can behave unexpectedly at test time, potentially interacting with the robot outside its training distribution and leading to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Jerry Zhi-Yang He , Zackory Erickson , Daniel S. Brown , Anca D. Dragan

Safe reinforcement learning (RL) trains a policy to maximize the task reward while satisfying safety constraints. While prior works focus on the performance optimality, we find that the optimal solutions of many safe RL problems are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Zuxin Liu , Zijian Guo , Zhepeng Cen , Huan Zhang , Jie Tan , Bo Li , Ding Zhao