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Voice-based discussion forums where users can record audio messages which are then published for other users to listen and comment, are often moderated to ensure that the published audios are of good quality, relevant, and adhere to…

This study presents the first large-scale quantitative analysis of the efficiency of X's Community Notes, a crowdsourced moderation system for identifying and contextualising potentially misleading content. Drawing on over 1.8 million…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Olesya Razuvayevskaya , Adel Tayebi , Ulrikke Dybdal Sørensen , Kalina Bontcheva , Richard Rogers

Crowd-sourced fact-checking provides social media platforms with a promising method of managing misinformation at scale. However, the success of fact-checking programs like X's Community Notes requires the participation of a critical mass…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Elizabeth Stewart , Suryash Greenwold , Timotius Marselo

AI-based social media platforms has already transformed the nature of economic and social interaction. AI enables the massive scale and highly personalized nature of online information sharing that we now take for granted. Extensive…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Atrisha Sarkar , Gillian K. Hadfield

Community-based fact-checking systems, such as Community Notes on X (formerly Twitter), aim to mitigate online misinformation by surfacing annotations judged helpful by contributors with diverse viewpoints. While prior work has shown that…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yuwei Chuai , Gabriele Lenzini , Nicolas Pröllochs

Content moderation is a widely used strategy to prevent the dissemination of irregular information on social media platforms. Despite extensive research on developing automated models to support decision-making in content moderation, there…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Wangjiaxuan Xin , Kanlun Wang , Zhe Fu , Lina Zhou

Several major social media platforms have shifted toward crowdsourced fact-checking systems like Community Notes to combat misinformation at scale. However, these systems face criticism regarding which content is scrutinized and how visible…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yilin Gong , Siqi Wu

Community Notes, the crowd-sourced misinformation governance system on X (formerly Twitter), allows users to flag misleading posts, attach contextual notes, and rate the notes' helpfulness. However, our empirical analysis of 30.8K…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Jiaying Wu , Zihang Fu , Haonan Wang , Fanxiao Li , Jiafeng Guo , Preslav Nakov , Min-Yen Kan

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into the online platforms where humans exchange opinions; large language models (LLMs) now polish users' posts on LinkedIn and provide context for content shared on X. While…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Stratis Tsirtsis , Kai Rawal , Chris Russell , Brent Mittelstadt , Sandra Wachter

Online spaces provide individuals with the opportunity to engage in discussions on important topics and make collective decisions, regardless of their geographic location or time zone. However, without adequate support and careful design,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Maike Behrendt , Stefan Sylvius Wagner , Mira Warne , Jana Leonie Peters , Marc Ziegele , Stefan Harmeling

There is a growing body of work on learning from human feedback to align various aspects of machine learning systems with human values and preferences. We consider the setting of fairness in content moderation, in which human feedback is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Emilia Agis Lerner , Florian E. Dorner , Elliott Ash , Naman Goel

Community engagement processes form a critical foundation of democratic governance, yet frequently struggle with resource constraints, sensemaking challenges, and barriers to inclusive participation. These processes rely on constructive…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Cassandra Overney

In recent years, algorithms have been incorporated into fact-checking pipelines. They are used not only to flag previously fact-checked misinformation, but also to provide suggestions about which trending claims should be prioritized for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Terrence Neumann , Nicholas Wolczynski

Large language models show promising capabilities for contextual fact-checking on social media: they can verify contested claims through deep research, synthesize evidence from multiple sources, and draft explanations at scale. However,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Haiwen Li , Michiel A. Bakker

Public deliberation, as in open discussion of issues of public concern, often suffers from scattered and shallow discourse, poor sensemaking, and a disconnect from actionable policy outcomes. This paper introduces BCause, a discussion…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Lucas Anastasiou , Anna De Liddo

The potential for negative impacts of AI has rapidly become more pervasive around the world, and this has intensified a need for responsible AI governance. While many regulatory bodies endorse risk-based approaches and a multitude of risk…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Julia Barnett , Kimon Kieslich , Natali Helberger , Nicholas Diakopoulos

This paper highlights the developing need for quantitative modes for capturing and monitoring malicious communication in social media. There has been a deliberate "weaponization" of messaging through the use of social networks including by…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Andy Skumanich , Han Kyul Kim

AI-generated misinformation (e.g., deepfakes) poses a growing threat to information integrity on social media. However, prior research has largely focused on its potential societal consequences rather than its real-world prevalence. In this…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Chiara Drolsbach , Nicolas Pröllochs

Fears about the destabilizing impact of misinformation online have motivated individuals and platforms to respond. Individuals have increasingly challenged others' online claims with fact-checks in pursuit of a healthier information…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Junsol Kim , Zhao Wang , Haohan Shi , Hsin-Keng Ling , James Evans

Political online participation in the form of discussing political issues and exchanging opinions among citizens is gaining importance with more and more formats being held digitally. To come to a decision, a thorough discussion and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Maike Behrendt , Stefan Sylvius Wagner , Carina Weinmann , Marike Bormann , Mira Warne , Stefan Harmeling