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Deep neural networks are vulnerable to malicious fine-tuning attacks such as data poisoning and backdoor attacks. Therefore, in recent research, it is proposed how to detect malicious fine-tuning of neural network models. However, it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Zhaoxia Yin , Heng Yin , Xinpeng Zhang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are widely deployed in industry, making their intellectual property valuable. However, protecting GNNs from unauthorized use remains a challenge. Watermarking offers a solution by embedding ownership information…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jane Downer , Yingdan Shi , Ziyan Liu , Ren Wang , Binghui Wang

Safeguarding intellectual property and preventing potential misuse of AI-generated images are of paramount importance. This paper introduces a robust and agile plug-and-play watermark detection framework, dubbed as RAW. As a departure from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Xun Xian , Ganghua Wang , Xuan Bi , Jayanth Srinivasa , Ashish Kundu , Mingyi Hong , Jie Ding

Natural language processing (NLP) technology has shown great commercial value in applications such as sentiment analysis. But NLP models are vulnerable to the threat of pirated redistribution, damaging the economic interests of model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Long Dai , Jiarong Mao , Xuefeng Fan , Xiaoyi Zhou

Generative artificial intelligence now synthesizes photorealistic imagery, audio, and video at a cost that defeats traditional forensic intuition. The legal consequences span three regimes studied so far in isolation: international…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Gustav Olaf Yunus Laitinen-Fredriksson Lundström-Imanov , Nurana Abdullayeva

Quantum Generative Adversarial Networks (qGANs) are at the forefront of image-generating quantum machine learning models. To accommodate the growing demand for Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices to train and infer quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-17 Archisman Ghosh , Debarshi Kundu , Avimita Chatterjee , Swaroop Ghosh

The recent explosion of high-quality language models has necessitated new methods for identifying AI-generated text. Watermarking is a leading solution and could prove to be an essential tool in the age of generative AI. Existing approaches…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Miranda Christ , Sam Gunn , Tal Malkin , Mariana Raykova

Well-performed deep neural networks (DNNs) generally require massive labelled data and computational resources for training. Various watermarking techniques are proposed to protect such intellectual properties (IPs), wherein the DNN…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Xiangyu Wen , Yu Li , Wei Jiang , Qiang Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in various applications, including text generation and complex tasks. However, the misuse of LLMs raises concerns about the authenticity and ethical implications of the content they produce, such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Zesen Liu , Tianshuo Cong , Xinlei He , Qi Li

The rapid development of multimedia and internet allows for wide distribution of digital media data. It becomes much easier to edit, modify and duplicate digital information besides that, digital documents are also easy to copy and…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2010-03-23 Mahmoud Elnajjar , A. A Zaidan , B. B Zaidan , Mohamed Elhadi M. Sharif , Hamdan. O. Alanazi

As deep learning (DL) models are widely and effectively used in Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) platforms, there is a rapidly growing interest in DL watermarking techniques that can be used to confirm the ownership of a particular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Mikhail Pautov , Nikita Bogdanov , Stanislav Pyatkin , Oleg Rogov , Ivan Oseledets

Watermarking is widely proposed for provenance, attribution, and safety monitoring in generative models, yet is typically evaluated only under adversaries who attempt to evade detection or induce false positives at the level of individual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Toluwani Aremu , Nils Lukas , Jie Zhang

Watermarking has emerged as a leading technical proposal for attributing generative AI content and is increasingly cited in global governance frameworks. This position paper argues that current implementations risk serving as symbolic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Alexander Nemecek , Yuzhou Jiang , Erman Ayday

With the rapid development of cloud-based services, large language models have become increasingly accessible through various web platforms. However, this accessibility has also led to growing risks of model abuse. LLM watermarking has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hao Li , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Yingjie Li , Fang Fang , Shi Wang , Li Guo

The proliferation of AI-generated content has facilitated sophisticated face manipulation, severely undermining visual integrity and posing unprecedented challenges to intellectual property. In response, a common proactive defense leverages…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Haonan An , Xiaohui Ye , Guang Hua , Yihang Tao , Hangcheng Cao , Xiangyu Yu , Yuguang Fang

Watermarking generative content serves as a vital tool for authentication, ownership protection, and mitigation of potential misuse. Existing watermarking methods face the challenge of balancing robustness and concealment. They empirically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Huayang Huang , Yu Wu , Qian Wang

Watermarking is a technique that involves embedding nearly unnoticeable statistical signals within generated content to help trace its source. This work focuses on a scenario where an untrusted third-party user sends prompts to a trusted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Xingchi Li , Guanxun Li , Xianyang Zhang

We present the first in depth study on the robustness of existing watermarking techniques applied to code generated by large language models (LLMs). As LLMs increasingly contribute to software development, watermarking has emerged as a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Tarun Suresh , Shubham Ugare , Gagandeep Singh , Sasa Misailovic

The proliferation of generative AI systems creates unprecedented opportunities for content creation while raising critical concerns about controllability, copyright infringement, and content provenance. Current generative models operate as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Haris Khan , Sadia Asif , Shumaila Asif

We study the problem of watermarking large language models (LLMs) generated text -- one of the most promising approaches for addressing the safety challenges of LLM usage. In this paper, we propose a rigorous theoretical framework to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Xuandong Zhao , Prabhanjan Ananth , Lei Li , Yu-Xiang Wang