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Neural audio codecs, neural networks which compress a waveform into discrete tokens, play a crucial role in the recent development of audio generative models. State-of-the-art codecs rely on the end-to-end training of an autoencoder and a…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Zineb Lahrichi , Gaëtan Hadjeres , Gael Richard , Geoffroy Peeters

Neural autoencoders underpin generative models. Practical, large-scale use of neural autoencoders for generative modeling necessitates fast encoding, low latent rates, and a single model across representations. Existing approaches are…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Jonah Casebeer , Ge Zhu , Zhepei Wang , Nicholas J. Bryan

Autoencoders are certainly among the most studied and used Deep Learning models: the idea behind them is to train a model in order to reconstruct the same input data. The peculiarity of these models is to compress the information through a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Gabriele Martino , Davide Moroni , Massimo Martinelli

Neural audio autoencoders create compact latent representations that preserve perceptually important information, serving as the foundation for both modern audio compression systems and generation approaches like next-token prediction and…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Dimitrios Bralios , Paris Smaragdis , Jonah Casebeer

An autoencoder-based codec employs quantization to turn its bottleneck layer activation into bitstrings, a process that hinders information flow between the encoder and decoder parts. To circumvent this issue, we employ additional skip…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-26 Darius Petermann , Seungkwon Beack , Minje Kim

Neural Audio Codecs, initially designed as a compression technique, have gained more attention recently for speech generation. Codec models represent each audio frame as a sequence of tokens, i.e., discrete embeddings. The discrete and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-31 Alexander H. Liu , Qirui Wang , Yuan Gong , James Glass

Variational autoencoders (VAEs) are essential tools in end-to-end representation learning. However, the sequential text generation common pitfall with VAEs is that the model tends to ignore latent variables with a strong auto-regressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Yang Zhao , Ping Yu , Suchismit Mahapatra , Qinliang Su , Changyou Chen

Bandwidth extension, the task of reconstructing the high-frequency components of an audio signal from its low-pass counterpart, is a long-standing problem in audio processing. While traditional approaches have evolved alongside the broader…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Benoît Giniès , Xiaoyu Bie , Olivier Fercoq , Gaël Richard

We introduce a state-of-the-art real-time, high-fidelity, audio codec leveraging neural networks. It consists in a streaming encoder-decoder architecture with quantized latent space trained in an end-to-end fashion. We simplify and speed-up…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-25 Alexandre Défossez , Jade Copet , Gabriel Synnaeve , Yossi Adi

Representation learning for text via pretraining a language model on a large corpus has become a standard starting point for building NLP systems. This approach stands in contrast to autoencoders, also trained on raw text, but with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Ivan Montero , Nikolaos Pappas , Noah A. Smith

Neural audio codecs provide compact discrete representations for speech generation and manipulation. However, most codecs organize tokens as frame-level sequences, making it difficult to study or intervene on global factors of variation. In…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Francesco Paissan , Luca Della Libera , Mirco Ravanelli , Cem Subakan

Efficient audio representations in a compressed continuous latent space are critical for generative audio modeling and Music Information Retrieval (MIR) tasks. However, some existing audio autoencoders have limitations, such as multi-stage…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Marco Pasini , Stefan Lattner , George Fazekas

Autoencoders are a type of unsupervised neural networks, which can be used to solve various tasks, e.g., dimensionality reduction, image compression, and image denoising. An AE has two goals: (i) compress the original input to a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Firas Laakom , Jenni Raitoharju , Alexandros Iosifidis , Moncef Gabbouj

With active research in audio compression techniques yielding substantial breakthroughs, spectral reconstruction of low-quality audio waves remains a less indulged topic. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for reconstructing higher…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Darshan Deshpande , Harshavardhan Abichandani

While existing audio watermarking techniques have achieved strong robustness against traditional digital signal processing (DSP) attacks, they remain vulnerable to neural resynthesis. This occurs because modern neural audio codecs act as…

Audio autoencoders learn useful, compressed audio representations, but their non-linear latent spaces prevent intuitive algebraic manipulation such as mixing or scaling. We introduce a simple training methodology to induce linearity in a…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Bernardo Torres , Manuel Moussallam , Gabriel Meseguer-Brocal

Speech Bandwidth Extension improves clarity and intelligibility by restoring/inferring appropriate high-frequency content for low-bandwidth speech. Existing methods often rely on spectrogram or waveform modeling, which can incur higher…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Bowen Zhang , Junchuan Zhao , Ian McLoughlin , Ye Wang , A S Madhukumar

High-quality audio is essential in a wide range of applications, including online communication, virtual assistants, and the multimedia industry. However, degradation caused by noise, compression, and transmission artifacts remains a major…

Autoencoders and their variations provide unsupervised models for learning low-dimensional representations for downstream tasks. Without proper regularization, autoencoder models are susceptible to the overfitting problem and the so-called…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-23 Hanwei Wu , Markus Flierl

We introduce a novel technique for creative audio resynthesis that operates by reworking the concept of granular synthesis at the latent vector level. Our approach creates a "granular codebook" by encoding a source audio corpus into latent…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Nao Tokui , Tom Baker
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