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Millions of people take surveys every day, from market polls and academic studies to medical questionnaires and customer feedback forms. These datasets capture valuable insights, but their scale and structure present a unique challenge for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Duc-Hai Nguyen , Vijayakumar Nanjappan , Barry O'Sullivan , Hoang D. Nguyen

Although large multimodal models (LMMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in visual scene interpretation and reasoning, their capacity for complex and precise 3-dimensional spatial reasoning remains uncertain. Existing benchmarks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Xingrui Wang , Wufei Ma , Tiezheng Zhang , Celso M de Melo , Jieneng Chen , Alan Yuille

We present INTEGRALBENCH, a focused benchmark designed to evaluate Large Language Model (LLM) performance on definite integral problems. INTEGRALBENCH provides both symbolic and numerical ground truth solutions with manual difficulty…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Bintao Tang , Xin Yang , Yuhao Wang , Zixuan Qiu , Zimo Ji , Wenyuan Jiang

Humans naturally possess the spatial reasoning ability to form and manipulate images and structures of objects in space. There is an increasing effort to endow Vision-Language Models (VLMs) with similar spatial reasoning capabilities.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jiahuan Zhang , Shunwen Bai , Tianheng Wang , Kaiwen Guo , Kai Han , Guozheng Rao , Kaicheng Yu

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming attractive as few-shot reasoners to solve Natural Language (NL)-related tasks. However, the understanding of their capability to process structured data like tables remains an under-explored area.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Yuan Sui , Mengyu Zhou , Mingjie Zhou , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in vision-language tasks, but they continue to struggle with spatial understanding. Existing spatial MLLMs often rely on explicit 3D inputs or architecture-specific…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Hunar Batra , Haoqin Tu , Hardy Chen , Yuanze Lin , Cihang Xie , Ronald Clark

Large language models (LLMs) have shown potential in identifying qualitative causal relations, but their ability to perform quantitative causal reasoning -- estimating effect sizes that parametrize functional relationships -- remains…

The recent rapid development of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) has indicated their potential for embodied tasks.However, the critical skill of spatial understanding in embodied environments has not been thoroughly evaluated, leaving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Mengfei Du , Binhao Wu , Zejun Li , Xuanjing Huang , Zhongyu Wei

Vision-language models (VLMs) have advanced rapidly, but their ability to capture spatial relationships remains a blindspot. Current VLMs are typically built with contrastive language-image pretraining (CLIP) style image encoders. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Nahid Alam , Leema Krishna Murali , Siddhant Bharadwaj , Patrick Liu , Timothy Chung , Drishti Sharma , Akshata A , Kranthi Kiran , Wesley Tam , Bala Krishna S Vegesna

Small object-centric spatial understanding in indoor videos remains a significant challenge for multimodal large language models (MLLMs), despite its practical value for object search and assistive applications. Although existing benchmarks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zhiyu Zhou , Peilin Liu , Ruoxuan Zhang , Luyang Zhang , Cheng Zhang , Hongxia Xie , Wen-Huang Cheng

Recent advances in 3D medical vision-language models have enabled joint reasoning over volumetric images and text, showing strong performance in medical visual question-answering (VQA) and report generation. Despite this progress, it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Mashrafi Monon , Umaima Rahman , Asif Hanif , Numan Saeed , Mohammad Yaqub

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated emergent abilities across diverse tasks, raising the question of whether they acquire internal world models. In this work, we investigate whether LLMs implicitly encode linear spatial world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Matthieu Tehenan , Christian Bolivar Moya , Tenghai Long , Guang Lin

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved significant progress in image and language tasks due to the strong reasoning capability of large language models (LLMs). Nevertheless, most MLLMs suffer from limited spatial reasoning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Jiajie Guo , Qingpeng Zhu , Jin Zeng , Xiaolong Wu , Changyong He , Weida Wang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly power autonomous agents in robotics and embodied AI, understanding their spatial reasoning capabilities becomes crucial for ensuring reliable real-world deployment. Despite advances in language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Hafsteinn Einarsson

Spatial reasoning in large language models (LLMs) has gained increasing attention due to applications in navigation and planning. Despite strong general language capabilities, LLMs still struggle with spatial transformations and multi-step…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Amir Tahmasbi , Sadegh Majidi , Kazem Taram , Aniket Bera

Spatial reasoning ability is crucial for Vision Language Models (VLMs) to support real-world applications in diverse domains including robotics, augmented reality, and autonomous navigation. Unfortunately, existing benchmarks are inadequate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xinmiao Huang , Qisong He , Zhenglin Huang , Boxuan Wang , Zhuoyun Li , Guangliang Cheng , Yi Dong , Xiaowei Huang

Real-world clinical practice demands multi-image comparative reasoning, yet current medical benchmarks remain limited to single-frame interpretation. We present MedFrameQA, the first benchmark explicitly designed to test multi-image medical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Suhao Yu , Haojin Wang , Juncheng Wu , Luyang Luo , Jingshen Wang , Cihang Xie , Pranav Rajpurkar , Carl Yang , Yang Yang , Kang Wang , Yannan Yu , Yuyin Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide spectrum of tasks; however, they still face limitations in scenarios that demand long-term planning and spatial reasoning. To facilitate this line of research, in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Mohamed Aghzal , Erion Plaku , Ziyu Yao

The rapid proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has stimulated researchers to seek effective and efficient approaches to deal with LLM hallucinations and low-quality outputs. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is a key element of…

Visual grounding, localizing objects from natural language descriptions, represents a critical bridge between language and vision understanding. While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) achieve impressive scores on existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Rang Li , Lei Li , Shuhuai Ren , Hao Tian , Shuhao Gu , Shicheng Li , Zihao Yue , Yudong Wang , Wenhan Ma , Zhe Yang , Jingyuan Ma , Zhifang Sui , Fuli Luo