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The solar modulation effect of Galactic cosmic rays is a time-dependent phenomenon that is caused by the transport of these particles through the magnetized plasma of the heliosphere. Using a data-driven model of cosmic-ray transport in the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-05-22 Miguel Orcinha , Nicola Tomassetti , Fernando Barão , Bruna Bertucci

Thanks to space-borne experiments such as the AMS-02 and PAMELA missions in low-Earth orbit, along with the Voyager spacecrafts in the interstellar space, a large collection of multi-channel and time-resolved Galactic cosmic ray (GCR) data…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-06 Bruna Bertucci , Emanuele Fiandrini , Behrouz Khiali , Nicola Tomassetti

The solar modulation effect of cosmic rays in the heliosphere is an energy-, time-, and particle-dependent phenomenon which arises from a combination of basic particle transport processes such as diffusion, convection, adiabatic cooling,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-07-31 Nicola Tomassetti , Miguel Orcinha , Fernando Barao , Bruna Bertucci

The intensity and energy spectrum of energetic charged radiation in the heliosphere are significantly influenced by solar activity. This phenomenon is known as solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays. As interplanetary travel becomes a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-09-16 Miguel Orcinha , Fernando Barão , Bruna Bertucci , Emanuele Fiandrini , David Pelosi , Nicola Tomassetti

We perform a comprehensive analysis of cosmic-ray propagation using the time-dependent AMS-02 flux measurements covering a full solar cycle, with particular emphasis on the role of solar modulation. We fit two representative Galactic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-23 Isabelle John , Alessandro Cuoco , Mattia Di Mauro

Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) inside the heliosphere are affected by solar modulation. To investigate this phenomenon and its underlying physical mechanisms, we have performed a data-driven analysis of the temporal dependence of the CR proton…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-07-21 Emanuele Fiandrini , Nicola Tomassetti , Bruna Bertucci , Federico Donnini , Maura Graziani , Behrouz Khiali , Alejandro Reina Conde

The study presents an effective approach for deriving and utilizing polarity-based cross-correlation functions to forecast Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) fluxes based on solar activity proxies. By leveraging a universal correlation framework…

When traveling in the heliosphere, Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) are subjected to the solar modulation effect, a quasiperiodical change of their intensity caused by the 11-year cycle of solar activity. Here we investigate the association of…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2022-11-22 Nicola Tomassetti , Bruna Bertucci , Emanuele Fiandrini

Our basic theoretical understanding of the sources of cosmic rays and their propagation through the interstellar medium is hindered by the Sun, that through the solar wind affects the observed cosmic-ray spectra. This effect is known as…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-12 Ilias Cholis , Ian McKinnon

A key goal of heliophysics is to understand how cosmic rays propagate in the solar system's complex, dynamic environment. One observable is solar modulation, i.e., how the flux and spectrum of cosmic rays changes as they propagate inward.…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2022-09-22 Jung-Tsung Li , John F. Beacom , Annika H. G. Peter

We present an analysis of the time-dependent modulation of galactic cosmic rays near Earth, with a focus on the cosmic proton flux and polar field. Using data from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) and the Wilcox Solar Observatory, we…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-30 Shaokun Gong , Linjing Duan , Jiawei Zhao , Xueyu Wei , Jie Feng , Zhibing Li

An important factor limiting our ability to understand the production and propagation of cosmic rays pertains to the effects of heliospheric forces, commonly known as solar modulation. The solar wind is capable of generating time and…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2016-11-28 Ilias Cholis , Dan Hooper , Tim Linden

The observed variability of the cosmic-ray intensity in the interplanetary space is driven by the evolution of the Sun's magnetic activity over its 11-year quasiperiodical cycle. Investigating the relationship between solar activity indices…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-13 Nicola Tomassetti , Bruna Bertucci , Emanuele Fiandrini

As galactic cosmic rays propagate through the turbulent plasma environment within the heliosphere, they undergo a process of diffusion, drift and energy loss, leading to a notable reduction in their flux. This is the solar modulation…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-04-23 Cheng-Rui Zhu , Mei-Juan Wang

This is an overview of the solar modulation of cosmic rays in the heliosphere. It is a broad topic with numerous intriguing aspects so that a research framework has to be chosen to concentrate on. The review focuses on the basic paradigms…

Space Physics · Physics 2016-11-26 Marius Potgieter

We introduce a novel deep learning framework based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to predict galactic cosmic-ray spectra on a one-day-ahead basis by leveraging historical solar activity data, overcoming limitations inherent in…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-01-13 Yi-Lun Du , Xiaojian Song , Xi Luo

When entering the heliosphere, Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) are influenced by magnetic turbulence and Solar wind disturbances, which cause the so-called "solar modulation" effect. Understanding the time-dependent relationship between the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-06 Bruna Bertucci , Emanuele Fiandrini , Behrouz Khiali , Nicola Tomassetti

We investigate the solar modulation effect with the long time cosmic ray proton and helium spectrum measured by AMS-02 on the time scale of a Bartels rotation (27 days) between May 2011 and May 2017. The time-span covers the negative…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-11-26 Bing-Bing Wang , Xiao-Jun Bi , Kun Fang , Sujie Lin , Peng-Fei Yin

Modulation of galactic cosmic ray intensity is governed by several mechanisms including diffusion, convection, adiabatic energy losses and drift. Relative roles of these factors change in the course of an 11-year solar cycle. That can…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2014-12-01 G. A. Bazilevskaya , M. S. Kalinin , M. B. Krainev , V. S. Makhmutov , A. K. Svirzhevskaya , N. S. Svirzhevsky

The magnetised solar wind modulates the Galactic cosmic ray flux in the heliosphere up to rigidities as high as 40 GeV. In this work, we present a new and straightforward extension of the popular, but limited force-field model, thus…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-12-25 Marco Kuhlen , Philipp Mertsch
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