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High-dimensional metastable molecular system can often be characterised by a few features of the system, i.e. collective variables (CVs). Thanks to the rapid advance in the area of machine learning and deep learning, various deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Wei Zhang , Christof Schütte

Understanding the long-time dynamics of complex physical processes depends on our ability to recognize patterns. To simplify the description of these processes, we often introduce a set of reaction coordinates, customarily referred to as…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-12-31 Tuğçe Gökdemir , Jakub Rydzewski

Generating a data set that is representative of the accessible configuration space of a molecular system is crucial for the robustness of machine learned interatomic potentials (MLIP). However, the complexity of molecular systems,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Aik Rui Tan , Johannes C. B. Dietschreit , Rafael Gomez-Bombarelli

Macromolecular and biomolecular folding landscapes typically contain high free energy barriers that impede efficient sampling of configurational space by standard molecular dynamics simulation. Biased sampling can artificially drive the…

Biological Physics · Physics 2018-11-01 Wei Chen , Andrew L Ferguson

Free energy biasing methods have proven to be powerful tools to accelerate the simulation of important conformational changes of molecules by modifying the sampling measure. However, most of these methods rely on the prior knowledge of…

Biological Physics · Physics 2021-10-20 Zineb Belkacemi , Paraskevi Gkeka , Tony Lelièvre , Gabriel Stoltz

Extending spatio-temporal scale limitations of models for complex atomistic systems considered in biochemistry and materials science necessitates the development of enhanced sampling methods. The potential acceleration in exploring the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-18 Markus Schöberl , Nicholas Zabaras , Phaedon-Stelios Koutsourelakis

Enhanced sampling methods are indispensable in computational physics and chemistry, where atomistic simulations cannot exhaustively sample the high-dimensional configuration space of dynamical systems due to the sampling problem. A class of…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-04-04 Jakub Rydzewski , Ming Chen , Tushar K. Ghosh , Omar Valsson

Selection of appropriate collective variables for enhancing sampling of molecular simulations remains an unsolved problem in computational biophysics. In particular, picking initial collective variables (CVs) is particularly challenging in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-15 Mohammad M. Sultan , Vijay S. Pande

Understanding protein conformational dynamics is essential for elucidating biological function but remains challenging due to the wide range of timescales and the complexity of collective motions. Enhanced sampling methods overcome…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-11 Souvik Mondal , Michael A. Sauer , Matthias Heyden

In molecular dynamics simulations, rare events, such as protein folding, are typically studied using enhanced sampling techniques, most of which are based on the definition of a collective variable (CV) along which acceleration occurs.…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-07-22 Soojung Yang , Juno Nam , Johannes C. B. Dietschreit , Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli

Understanding kinetics and thermodynamics profile of biomolecules is necessary to understand their functional roles which has a major impact in mechanism driven drug discovery. Molecular dynamics simulation has been routinely used to…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2021-12-07 Soumendranath Bhakat

Understanding the behavior of complex molecular systems is a fundamental problem in physical chemistry. To describe the long-time dynamics of such systems, which is responsible for their most informative characteristics, we can identify a…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-09-11 Jakub Rydzewski

Collective variables (CVs) play a crucial role in capturing rare events in high-dimensional systems, motivating the continual search for principled approaches to their design. In this work, we revisit the framework of quantitative coarse…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-06-06 Shashank Sule , Arnav Mehta , Maria K. Cameron

Protein function does not solely depend on structure but often relies on dynamical transitions between distinct conformations. Despite this fact, our ability to characterize or predict protein dynamics is substantially less developed…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-08 Michael A. Sauer , Souvik Mondal , Brandon Neff , Sthitadhi Maiti , Matthias Heyden

Investigating processes in complex molecular systems, which are characterized by many variables, is a crucial problem in computational physics. These systems can be reduced to a few meaningful degrees of freedom known as collective…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-05-27 Tuğçe Gökdemir , Jakub Rydzewski

A variety of enhanced sampling methods predict multidimensional free energy landscapes associated with biological and other molecular processes as a function of a few selected collective variables (CVs). The accuracy of these methods is…

Computational Physics · Physics 2024-04-09 Lukas Müllender , Andrea Rizzi , Michele Parrinello , Paolo Carloni , Davide Mandelli

Collective variables (CVs) are low-dimensional projections of high-dimensional system states. They are used to gain insights into complex emergent dynamical behaviors of processes on networks. The relation between CVs and network measures…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-03-19 Marvin Lücke , Stefanie Winkelmann , Jobst Heitzig , Nora Molkenthin , Péter Koltai

Often the analysis of time-dependent chemical and biophysical systems produces high-dimensional time-series data for which it can be difficult to interpret which individual features are most salient. While recent work from our group and…

Accurately quantifying uncertainty in predictions and projections arising from irreducible internal climate variability is critical for informed decision making. Such uncertainty is typically assessed using ensembles produced with physics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Parsa Gooya , Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso , Johannes Exenberger

Collective variable (CV) or order parameter based enhanced sampling algorithms have achieved great success due to their ability to efficiently explore the rough potential energy landscapes of complex systems. However, the degeneracy of…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2018-07-11 Jing Zhang , Ming Chen
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