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Positive Unlabeled (PU) learning is widely used in many applications, where a binary classifier is trained on the datasets consisting of only positive and unlabeled samples. In this paper, we improve PU learning over state-of-the-art from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Liwei Jiang , Dan Li , Qisheng Wang , Shuai Wang , Songtao Wang

Learning binary classifiers only from positive and unlabeled (PU) data is an important and challenging task in many real-world applications, including web text classification, disease gene identification and fraud detection, where negative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Hui Chen , Fangqing Liu , Yin Wang , Liyue Zhao , Hao Wu

Most of the semi-supervised classification methods developed so far use unlabeled data for regularization purposes under particular distributional assumptions such as the cluster assumption. In contrast, recently developed methods of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-19 Tomoya Sakai , Marthinus Christoffel du Plessis , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

Positive-unlabeled learning (PUL) aims at learning a binary classifier from only positive and unlabeled training data. Even though real-world applications often involve imbalanced datasets where the majority of examples belong to one class,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-12 Emilio Dorigatti , Jann Goschenhofer , Benjamin Schubert , Mina Rezaei , Bernd Bischl

We propose a meta-learning method for positive and unlabeled (PU) classification, which improves the performance of binary classifiers obtained from only PU data in unseen target tasks. PU learning is an important problem since PU data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Atsutoshi Kumagai , Tomoharu Iwata , Yasuhiro Fujiwara

Planning for a wide range of real-world tasks necessitates to know and write all constraints. However, instances exist where these constraints are either unknown or challenging to specify accurately. A possible solution is to infer the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Baiyu Peng , Aude Billard

When learning from positive and unlabelled data, it is a strong assumption that the positive observations are randomly sampled from the distribution of $X$ conditional on $Y = 1$, where X stands for the feature and Y the label. Most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Fengxiang He , Tongliang Liu , Geoffrey I Webb , Dacheng Tao

From only positive (P) and unlabeled (U) data, a binary classifier could be trained with PU learning, in which the state of the art is unbiased PU learning. However, if its model is very flexible, empirical risks on training data will go…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-07 Ryuichi Kiryo , Gang Niu , Marthinus C. du Plessis , Masashi Sugiyama

Positive and Unlabeled (PU) learning is a type of semi-supervised binary classification where the machine learning algorithm differentiates between a set of positive instances (labeled) and a set of both positive and negative instances…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Praveen Kumar , Christophe G. Lambert

This paper proposes a novel pseudo-labeling method for medical image segmentation that can perform learning on ``individual images'' to select effective pseudo-labels. We introduce Positive and Unlabeled Learning (PU learning), which uses…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Takehiro Yamane , Itaru Tsuge , Susumu Saito , Ryoma Bise

We consider the problem of learning a binary classifier from only positive and unlabeled observations (called PU learning). Recent studies in PU learning have shown superior performance theoretically and empirically. However, most existing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-21 Yongchan Kwon , Wonyoung Kim , Masashi Sugiyama , Myunghee Cho Paik

Positive-unlabeled (PU) learning aims to train a classifier using the data containing only labeled-positive instances and unlabeled instances. However, existing PU learning methods are generally hard to achieve satisfactory performance on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-03 Xiaoke Wang , Xiaochen Yang , Rui Zhu , Jing-Hao Xue

The positive-unlabeled (PU) classification is a common scenario in real-world applications such as healthcare, text classification, and bioinformatics, in which we only observe a few samples labeled as "positive" together with a large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Ke Ren , Haichuan Yang , Yu Zhao , Mingshan Xue , Hongyu Miao , Shuai Huang , Ji Liu

We study the problem of learning from positive and unlabeled (PU) data in the federated setting, where each client only labels a little part of their dataset due to the limitation of resources and time. Different from the settings in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Xinyang Lin , Hanting Chen , Yixing Xu , Chao Xu , Xiaolin Gui , Yiping Deng , Yunhe Wang

We propose a new method of learning from positive and unlabeled (PU) examples in highly imbalanced datasets. Many real-world problems, such as disease gene identification, targeted marketing, fraud detection, and recommender systems, are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Elias Zavitsanos , Georgios Paliouras

Positive-Unlabeled (PU) learning is an analog to supervised binary classification for the case when only the positive sample is clean, while the negative sample is contaminated with latent instances of positive class and hence can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Dmitry Ivanov

Positive-Unlabelled (PU) learning is a growing area of machine learning that aims to learn classifiers from data consisting of labelled positive and unlabelled instances. Whilst much work has been done proposing methods for PU learning,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Jack D. Saunders , Alex , A. Freitas

Positive--Unlabeled (PU) learning considers settings in which only positive and unlabeled data are available, while negatives are missing or left unlabeled. This situation is common in real applications where annotating reliable negatives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Miao Zhang , Junpeng Li , Changchun Hua , Yana Yang

This study proposes a novel approach for solving the PU learning problem based on an anomaly-detection strategy. Latent encodings extracted from positive-labeled data are linearly combined to acquire new samples. These new samples are used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Vasileios Sevetlidis , George Pavlidis , Spyridon Mouroutsos , Antonios Gasteratos

We introduce a new observational setting for Positive Unlabeled (PU) data where the observations at prediction time are also labeled. This occurs commonly in practice -- we argue that the additional information is important for prediction,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-16 Jan Mielniczuk , Adam Wawrzeńczyk