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Compressing large language models (LLMs) for deployment on commodity GPUs remains challenging: conventional scalar quantization is limited to fixed bit-widths (e.g., 8/4/3-bit), offers only a few discrete compression points, and typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Ye Qiao , Yian Wang , Zhiheng Chen , Hyoukjun Kwon , Sitao Huang

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on resource-constrained edge devices like the Raspberry Pi presents challenges in computational efficiency, power consumption, and response latency. This paper explores quantization-based optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Mahsa Ardakani , Jinendra Malekar , Ramtin Zand

Binary quantization represents the most extreme form of compression, reducing weights to +/-1 for maximal memory and computational efficiency. While recent sparsity-aware binarization achieves sub-1-bit compression via weight pruning, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Hao Gu , Lujun Li , Hao Wang , Lei Wang , Zheyu Wang , Bei Liu , Jiacheng Liu , Qiyuan Zhu , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Efficient deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) requires batching multiple requests together to improve throughput. As the batch size, context length, or model size increases, the size of the key and value (KV) cache can quickly become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Tianyi Zhang , Jonah Yi , Zhaozhuo Xu , Anshumali Shrivastava

Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant deployment challenges due to their substantial resource requirements. While low-bit quantized weights can reduce memory usage and improve inference efficiency, current hardware lacks native…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Pengxiang Zhao , Xiaoming Yuan

LLMs are seeing growing use for applications which require large context windows, and with these large context windows KV cache activations surface as the dominant contributor to memory consumption during inference. Quantization is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Coleman Hooper , Sehoon Kim , Hiva Mohammadzadeh , Michael W. Mahoney , Yakun Sophia Shao , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami

Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a practical approach to compress large neural networks, making them highly efficient for deployment. However, effectively reducing these models to their low-bit counterparts without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Aozhong Zhang , Zi Yang , Naigang Wang , Yingyong Qi , Jack Xin , Xin Li , Penghang Yin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress across reasoning, generation, and decision-making tasks, yet deploying them on mobile, embedded, and edge devices remains particularly challenging. On-device LLM inference is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Sayed Pedram Haeri Boroujeni , Niloufar Mehrabi , Patrick Woods , Gabriel Hillesheim , Abolfazl Razi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across a wide range of language tasks, but their deployment on edge devices remains challenging due to the substantial memory requirements imposed by their large parameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Zihan Chen , Bike Xie , Jundong Li , Cong Shen

With the advent of large language models (LLMs), numerous Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) strategies have been proposed to alleviate deployment barriers created by their enormous parameter counts. Quantization achieves compression by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Wonjun Bang , Jongseok Park , Hongseung Yu , Kyungmin Bin , Kyunghan Lee

With the commercialization of large language models (LLMs), weight-activation quantization has emerged to compress and accelerate LLMs, achieving high throughput while reducing inference costs. However, existing post-training quantization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jung Hyun Lee , Jeonghoon Kim , June Yong Yang , Se Jung Kwon , Eunho Yang , Kang Min Yoo , Dongsoo Lee

The growing scale of large language models (LLMs) not only demands extensive computational resources but also raises environmental concerns due to their increasing carbon footprint. Model quantization emerges as an effective approach that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Saima Afrin , Bowen Xu , Antonio Mastropaolo

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities as their scale expands to billions of parameters. Deploying these large-scale models on resource-constrained platforms presents significant…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Keran Zheng , Yinting Huang , Zhewen Yu , Christos-Savvas Bouganis

This paper proposes a training method having multiple cyclic training for achieving enhanced performance in low-bit quantized convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Quantization is a popular method for obtaining lightweight CNNs, where the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-28 HyunJin Kim , Jungwoo Shin , Alberto A. Del Barrio

The Key-Value (KV) cache introduces substantial memory overhead during large language model (LLM) inference. Although existing vector quantization (VQ) methods reduce KV cache usage and provide flexible representational capacity across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Dingyu Yao , Chenxu Yang , Zhengyang Tong , Zheng Lin , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Weiping Wang

With the rising popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been an increasing interest in compression techniques that enable their efficient deployment. This study focuses on the Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) of LLMs. Drawing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-04 Kayhan Behdin , Ayan Acharya , Aman Gupta , Qingquan Song , Siyu Zhu , Sathiya Keerthi , Rahul Mazumder

Quantization is an essential and popular technique for improving the accessibility of large language models (LLMs) by reducing memory usage and computational costs while maintaining performance. In this study, we apply 4-bit Group Scaling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Sahil Sk , Debasish Dhal , Sonal Khosla , Sk Shahid , Sambit Shekhar , Akash Dhaka , Shantipriya Parida , Dilip K. Prasad , Ondřej Bojar

This paper presents a novel network compression framework Kernel Quantization (KQ), targeting to efficiently convert any pre-trained full-precision convolutional neural network (CNN) model into a low-precision version without significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-12 Zhongzhi Yu , Yemin Shi , Tiejun Huang , Yizhou Yu

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) is increasingly constrained by memory and latency bottlenecks, motivating the need for quantization techniques that flexibly balance accuracy and efficiency. Recent work has introduced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Gunho Park , Jeongin Bae , Beomseok Kwon , Byeongwook Kim , Se Jung Kwon , Dongsoo Lee

Large language models have achieved significant advancements in complex mathematical reasoning benchmarks, such as MATH. However, their substantial computational requirements present challenges for practical deployment. Model quantization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Zhen Li , Yupeng Su , Runming Yang , Congkai Xie , Zheng Wang , Zhongwei Xie , Ngai Wong , Hongxia Yang