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As ML models have increased in capabilities and accuracy, so has the complexity of their deployments. Increasingly, ML model consumers are turning to service providers to serve the ML models in the ML-as-a-service (MLaaS) paradigm. As MLaaS…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Daniel Kang , Tatsunori Hashimoto , Ion Stoica , Yi Sun

In a world of increasing closed-source commercial machine learning models, model evaluations from developers must be taken at face value. These benchmark results-whether over task accuracy, bias evaluations, or safety checks-are…

When users query proprietary LLM APIs, they receive outputs with no cryptographic assurance that the claimed model was actually used. Service providers could substitute cheaper models, apply aggressive quantization, or return cached…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zhaohui Geoffrey Wang

Zero-knowledge proofs allow verification of computations without revealing private information. However, existing systems require memory proportional to the computation size, which has historically limited use in large-scale applications…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Logan Nye

Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) are critical for privacy-preserving techniques and verifiable computation. Many ZKP protocols rely on key kernels such as the SumCheck protocol and Merkle Tree commitments to enable their key security…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jianqiao Mo , Alhad Daftardar , Joey Ah-Kiow , Kaiyue Guo , Benedikt Bünz , Siddharth Garg , Brandon Reagen

Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) have emerged as a powerful tool for secure and privacy-preserving computation. ZKPs enable one party to convince another of a statement's validity without revealing anything else. This capability has profound…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Alhad Daftardar , Jianqiao Mo , Joey Ah-kiow , Benedikt Bünz , Siddharth Garg , Brandon Reagen

Training machine learning (ML) models typically involves expensive iterative optimization. Once the model's final parameters are released, there is currently no mechanism for the entity which trained the model to prove that these parameters…

Machine learning models are increasingly used in societal applications, yet legal and privacy concerns demand that they very often be kept confidential. Consequently, there is a growing distrust about the fairness properties of these models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Chhavi Yadav , Amrita Roy Chowdhury , Dan Boneh , Kamalika Chaudhuri

Zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive argument of knowledge (zkSNARK) allows a party, known as the prover, to convince another party, known as the verifier, that he knows a private value $v$, without revealing it, such that $F(u,v)=y$ for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Ali Rahimi , Mohammad Ali Maddah-Ali

Zero-knowledge proofs have always provided a clear solution when it comes to conveying information from a prover to a verifier or vice versa without revealing essential information about the process. Advancements in zero-knowledge have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Aritra Banerjee , Michael Clear , Hitesh Tewari

Ensuring that AI models are both verifiable and privacy-preserving is important for trust, accountability, and compliance. To address these concerns, recent research has focused on developing zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Hidde Lycklama , Alexander Viand , Nikolay Avramov , Nicolas Küchler , Anwar Hithnawi

Federated learning (FL) enables multiple participants to collaboratively train machine learning models while ensuring their data remains private and secure. Blockchain technology further enhances FL by providing stronger security, a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Tianxing Fu , Jia Hu , Geyong Min , Zi Wang

Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) have emerged as a promising solution to address the scalability challenges in modern blockchain systems. This study proposes a methodology for generating and verifying ZKPs to ensure the computational integrity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Oleksandr Kuznetsov , Anton Yezhov , Vladyslav Yusiuk , Kateryna Kuznetsova

Federated learning (FL) has been widely adopted in various fields of study and business. Traditional centralized FL systems suffer from serious issues. To address these concerns, decentralized federated learning (DFL) systems have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Mojtaba Ahmadi , Reza Nourmohammadi

Low latency event-selection (trigger) algorithms are essential components of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) operation. Modern machine learning (ML) models have shown great offline performance as classifiers and could improve trigger…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2025-11-18 Pratik Jawahar , Caterina Doglioni , Maurizio Pierini

Financial Generative Pre-trained Transformers (FinGPT) with multimodal capabilities are now being increasingly adopted in various financial applications. However, due to the intellectual property of model weights and the copyright of…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Xiao-Yang Liu , Ningjie Li , Keyi Wang , Xiaoli Zhi , Weiqin Tong

Zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) frameworks have the potential to revolutionize the handling of sensitive data in various domains. However, deploying ZKP frameworks with real-world data presents several challenges, including scalability,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Piergiuseppe Mallozzi

We present Jolt Atlas, a zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) framework that extends the Jolt proving system to model inference. Unlike zkVMs (zero-knowledge virtual machines), which emulate CPU instruction execution, Jolt Atlas adapts…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Wyatt Benno , Alberto Centelles , Antoine Douchet , Khalil Gibran

Zero-Knowledge (ZK) rollups have become a popular solution for scaling blockchain systems, offering improved transaction throughput and reduced costs by aggregating Layer 2 transactions and submitting them as a single batch to a Layer 1…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-07 John Stephan , Matej Pavlovic , Antonio Locascio , Benjamin Livshits

Since the concern of privacy leakage extremely discourages user participation in sharing data, federated learning has gradually become a promising technique for both academia and industry for achieving collaborative learning without leaking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Zhibo Xing , Zijian Zhang , Meng Li , Jiamou Liu , Liehuang Zhu , Giovanni Russello , Muhammad Rizwan Asghar