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Internet memes, channels for humor, social commentary, and cultural expression, are increasingly used to spread toxic messages. Studies on the computational analyses of toxic memes have significantly grown over the past five years, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Delfina Sol Martinez Pandiani , Erik Tjong Kim Sang , Davide Ceolin

The online community has increasingly been inundated by a toxic wave of harmful comments. In response to this growing challenge, we introduce a two-stage ultra-low-cost multimodal harmful behavior detection method designed to identify…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Albert Lu , Stephen Cranefield

Detecting hate speech in online content is essential to ensuring safer digital spaces. While significant progress has been made in text and meme modalities, video-based hate speech detection remains under-explored, hindered by a lack of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Han Wang , Rui Yang Tan , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

The problem of missing data, usually absent incurated and competition-standard datasets, is an unfortunate reality for most machine learning models used in industry applications. Recent work has focused on understanding the nature and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Spyridon Mouselinos , Kyriakos Polymenakos , Antonis Nikitakis , Konstantinos Kyriakopoulos

Systems like Voice-command based conversational agents are characterized by a pre-defined set of skills or intents to perform user specified tasks. In the course of time, newer intents may emerge requiring retraining. However, the newer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Ankan Mullick , Sukannya Purkayastha , Pawan Goyal , Niloy Ganguly

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on simple text classification tasks, frequently under zero-shot settings. However, their efficacy declines when tackling complex social media challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Elyas Meguellati , Assaad Zeghina , Shazia Sadiq , Gianluca Demartini

Image-with-text memes combine text with imagery to achieve comedy, but in today's world, they also play a pivotal role in online communication, influencing politics, marketing, and social norms. A "meme template" is a preexisting layout or…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Levente Murgás , Marcell Nagy , Kate Barnes , Roland Molontay

Internet memes are a powerful form of online communication, yet their nature and reliance on commonsense knowledge make toxicity detection challenging. Identifying key features for meme interpretation and understanding, is a crucial task.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Stefano De Giorgis , Ting-Chih Chen , Filip Ilievski

Internet memes have become a powerful means for individuals to express emotions, thoughts, and perspectives on social media. While often considered as a source of humor and entertainment, memes can also disseminate hateful content targeting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Eftekhar Hossain , Omar Sharif , Mohammed Moshiul Hoque , Sarah M. Preum

Human social interactions depend on the ability to infer others' unspoken intentions, emotions, and beliefs-a cognitive skill grounded in the psychological concept of Theory of Mind (ToM). While large language models (LLMs) excel in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Xuanming Zhang , Yuxuan Chen , Samuel Yeh , Sharon Li

Disinformation has become a serious problem on social media. In particular, given their short format, visual attraction, and humorous nature, memes have a significant advantage in dissemination among online communities, making them an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Jingnong Qu , Liunian Harold Li , Jieyu Zhao , Sunipa Dev , Kai-Wei Chang

Internet memes are a central element of online culture, blending images and text. While substantial research has focused on either the visual or textual components of memes, little attention has been given to their interplay. This gap…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Aidos Konyspay , Pakizar Shamoi , Malika Ziyada , Zhusup Smambayev

In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the phenomenon of hate against women on social media platforms, particularly through the use of misogynous memes. These memes often target women with subtle and obscure cues, making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Gitanjali Kumari , Kirtan Jain , Asif Ekbal

The ever-evolving social media discourse has witnessed an overwhelming use of memes to express opinions or dissent. Besides being misused for spreading malcontent, they are mined by corporations and political parties to glean the public's…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Shivam Sharma , Ramaneswaran S , Md. Shad Akhtar , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Hateful memes have emerged as a significant concern on the Internet. Detecting hateful memes requires the system to jointly understand the visual and textual modalities. Our investigation reveals that the embedding space of existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Jingbiao Mei , Jinghong Chen , Weizhe Lin , Bill Byrne , Marcus Tomalin

While memes are often humorous, they are frequently used to disseminate hate, causing serious harm to individuals and society. Current approaches to hateful meme detection mainly rely on pre-trained language models. However, less focus has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Weibin Cai , Jiayu Li , Reza Zafarani

A substantial portion of offensive content on social media is directed towards women. Since the approaches for general offensive content detection face a challenge in detecting misogynistic content, it requires solutions tailored to address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Mohammad Zia Ur Rehman , Sufyaan Zahoor , Areeb Manzoor , Musharaf Maqbool , Nagendra Kumar

Due to the broad range of social media platforms, the requirements of abusive language detection systems are varied and ever-changing. Already a large set of annotated corpora with different properties and label sets were created, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Viktor Hangya , Alexander Fraser

Exploiting social media to spread hate has tremendously increased over the years. Lately, multi-modal hateful content such as memes has drawn relatively more traction than uni-modal content. Moreover, the availability of implicit content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Piush Aggarwal , Pranit Chawla , Mithun Das , Punyajoy Saha , Binny Mathew , Torsten Zesch , Animesh Mukherjee

The dissemination of hateful memes online has adverse effects on social media platforms and the real world. Detecting hateful memes is challenging, one of the reasons being the evolutionary nature of memes; new hateful memes can emerge by…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Yiting Qu , Xinlei He , Shannon Pierson , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang , Savvas Zannettou