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The AC frequency in electrical power systems is conventionally regulated by synchronous machines. The gradual replacement of these machines by asynchronous renewable-based generation, which provides little or no frequency control, increases…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-13 Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology has played a crucial role for long-distance transmission of renewable power generation. However, the integration of large-capacity HVDC lines introduces significant frequency security challenges…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-13 Yiliu He , Haiwang Zhong , Grant Ruan , Yan Xu , Chongqing Kang

Due to various green initiatives, renewable energy will be massively incorporated into the future smart grid. However, the intermittency of the renewables may result in power imbalance, thus adversely affecting the stability of a power…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-10-06 Albert Y. S. Lam , Ka-Cheong Leung , Victor O. K. Li

The widespread deployment of power electronic technologies is transforming modern power systems into fast, nonlinear, and heterogeneous networks. Conventional modeling and control approaches, rooted in quasi-static analysis and centralized…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-31 Hiya Gada , Rupamathi Jaddivada , Marija Ilic

This paper addresses the energy dispatch of a virtual power plant comprising renewable generation, energy storage, and thermal units under uncertainty in renewable output, energy prices, and energy demand. The nonlinear dynamics and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-20 Luca Santosuosso , Fei Teng , Sonja Wogrin

With increased wind power penetration in modern power systems, wind plants are required to provide frequency support similar to conventional plants. However, for the existing frequency regulation scheme of wind turbines, the control gains…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-22 Cheng Zhong , Yueming Lv , Huayi Li , JiKai Chen , Yang Li

Data centers (DCs) are increasingly recognized as flexible loads that can support grid frequency regulation. Yet, most existing methods treat workload scheduling and regulation capacity bidding separately, overlooking how queueing dynamics…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-03 Yingrui Fan , Junbo Zhao

The increasing penetration of renewable and distributed energy resources in distribution networks calls for real-time and distributed voltage control. In this paper we investigate local Volt/VAR control with a general class of control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-15 Xinyang Zhou , Masoud Farivar , Zhiyuan Liu , Lijun Chen , Steven Low

In scenarios where high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) is connected to the grid over long distances, the output of RES exhibits significant fluctuations, making it difficult to accurately characterize. The intermittency and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-27 Yuhong Wang , Xinyao Wang , Chen Shen , Jianquan Liao , Qianni Cao , Yufei Teng , Huabo Shi , Gang Chen

We consider the problem of distributed secondary frequency regulation in power networks such that stability and an optimal power allocation are attained. This is a problem that has been widely studied in the literature, and two main control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-12 Andreas Kasis , Nima Monshizadeh , Ioannis Lestas

As power systems become more and more interconnected, the inter-area oscillations has become a serious factor limiting large power transfer among different areas. Underdamped (Undamped) inter-area oscillations may cause system breakup and…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-01-10 Jianming Lian , Shaobu Wang , Ruisheng Diao , Zhenyu Huang

In this paper, we present a robust distributed model predictive control (DMPC) scheme for dynamically decoupled nonlinear systems which are subject to state constraints, coupled state constraints and input constraints. In the proposed…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-07 Adrian Wiltz , Fei Chen , Dimos V. Dimarogonas

Distribution microgrids are being challenged by reverse power flows and voltage fluctuations due to renewable generation, demand response, and electric vehicles. Advances in photovoltaic (PV) inverters offer new opportunities for reactive…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-11-17 Vassilis Kekatos , Gang Wang , Antonio J. Conejo , Georgios B. Giannakis

In this paper, we introduce a new framework to address the problem of voltage regulation in unbalanced distribution grids with deep photovoltaic penetration. In this framework, both real and reactive power setpoints are explicitly…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-03 Rayan El Helou , Dileep Kalathil , Le Xie

This paper proposes a novel two-layer Volt/VAR control (VVC) framework to regulate the voltage profiles across an unbalanced active distribution system, which achieves both the efficient open-loop optimization and accurate closed-loop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-12-25 Yifei Guo , Qianzhi Zhang , Zhaoyu Wang , Fankun Bu , Yuxuan Yuan

Recently, the concept of dynamic virtual power plants (DVPP) has been proposed to collectively provide desired dynamic ancillary services such as fast frequency and voltage control by a heterogeneous ensemble of distributed energy resources…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-06 Moritz Andrejewski , Verena Häberle , Nico Goldschmidt , Florian Dörfler , Horst Schulte

A virtual power plant (VPP) facilitates the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) for the transmission-level operation. A challenge in operating a VPP is to characterize the cost function over its feasible power transfer region…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-03 Wei Lin , Changhong Zhao

Distribution networks with high penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) increasingly rely on communication networks to coordinate grid-interactive control. While many distributed control schemes have been proposed, they are often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Houchao Gan

Hybrid microgrids integrating Grid-Following (GFL) and Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters present complex control challenges arising from the decoupling between long-term economic dispatch and real-time dynamic regulation, as well as the distinct…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Lifu Ding , Chunhui Hou , Yutong Li , Qinmin Yang

As power systems advance toward net-zero targets, behind-the-meter renewables are driving rapid growth in distributed energy resources (DERs). Virtual power plants (VPPs) increasingly coordinate these resources to support power distribution…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Chenghao Huang , Jiarong Fan , Weiqing Wang , Hao Wang
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