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Significant progress has been made on text generation by pre-trained language models (PLMs), yet distinguishing between human and machine-generated text poses an escalating challenge. This paper offers an in-depth evaluation of three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Muhammad Farid Adilazuarda

Large foundation models have achieved significant performance gains through scalable training on massive datasets. However, the field of \textbf{H}andwritten \textbf{M}athematical \textbf{E}xpression \textbf{R}ecognition (HMER) has been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Haoyang Li , Jiaqing Li , Jialun Cao , Zongyuan Yang , Yongping Xiong

Handwriting is a skill learned by humans from a very early age. The ability to develop one's own unique handwriting as well as mimic another person's handwriting is a task learned by the brain with practice. This paper deals with this very…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-11-29 Arna Ghosh , Biswarup Bhattacharya , Somnath Basu Roy Chowdhury

Existing handwritten text generation methods primarily focus on isolated words. However, realistic handwritten text demands attention not only to individual words but also to the relationships between them, such as vertical alignment and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Gang Dai , Yifan Zhang , Yutao Qin , Qiangya Guo , Shuangping Huang , Shuicheng Yan

As text generation has become a core capability of modern Large Language Models (LLMs), it underpins a wide range of downstream applications. However, most existing LLMs rely on autoregressive (AR) generation, producing one token at a time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Lingzhe Zhang , Liancheng Fang , Chiming Duan , Minghua He , Leyi Pan , Pei Xiao , Shiyu Huang , Yunpeng Zhai , Xuming Hu , Philip S. Yu , Aiwei Liu

Handwritten text recognition has been widely studied in the last decades for its numerous applications. Nowadays, the state-of-the-art approach consists in a three-step process. The document is segmented into text lines, which are then…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Denis Coquenet

Large-scale digitization initiatives have unlocked massive collections of historical newspapers, yet effective computational access remains hindered by OCR corruption, multilingual orthographic variation, and temporal language drift. We…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Anthony Mudet , Souhail Bakkali

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a machine learning task that traditionally relies on supervised learning and annotated data. Acquiring such data is often a challenge, particularly in specialized fields like medical, legal, and financial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Arthur Elwing Torres , Edleno Silva de Moura , Altigran Soares da Silva , Mario A. Nascimento , Filipe Mesquita

This study demonstrates that Large Language Models (LLMs) can transcribe historical handwritten documents with significantly higher accuracy than specialized Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) software, while being faster and more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Mark Humphries , Lianne C. Leddy , Quinn Downton , Meredith Legace , John McConnell , Isabella Murray , Elizabeth Spence

Offline Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) is a major area in the field of mathematical expression recognition. Offline HMER is often viewed as a much harder problem as compared to online HMER due to a lack of temporal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Ujjwal Thakur , Anuj Sharma

Modern Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems can achieve high performance in terms of recognition accuracy. However, a perfectly accurate transcript still can be challenging to read due to disfluency, filter words, and other errata…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Junwei Liao , Yu Shi , Ming Gong , Linjun Shou , Sefik Eskimez , Liyang Lu , Hong Qu , Michael Zeng

Despite the advent of deep learning in computer vision, the general handwriting recognition problem is far from solved. Most existing approaches focus on handwriting datasets that have clearly written text and carefully segmented labels. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-20 Hai Pham , Amrith Setlur , Saket Dingliwal , Tzu-Hsiang Lin , Barnabas Poczos , Kang Huang , Zhuo Li , Jae Lim , Collin McCormack , Tam Vu

Researchers have been developing Hand Gesture Recognition (HGR) systems to enhance natural, efficient, and authentic human-computer interaction, especially benefiting those who rely solely on hand gestures for communication. Despite…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Jungpil Shin , Abu Saleh Musa Miah , Md. Humaun Kabir , Md. Abdur Rahim , Abdullah Al Shiam

High-quality human transcription is essential for training and improving Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) models. Recent study~\cite{libricrowd} has found that every 1% worse transcription Word Error Rate (WER) increases approximately 2%…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-20 Hanbo Sun , Jian Gao , Xiaomin Wu , Anjie Fang , Cheng Cao , Zheng Du

In the contemporary context of rapid advancements in information technology and the exponential growth of data volume, language models are confronted with significant challenges in effectively navigating the dynamic and ever-evolving…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Yuxin Fan , Yuxiang Wang , Lipeng Liu , Xirui Tang , Na Sun , Zidong Yu

Generating faithful and readable styled text images (especially for Styled Handwritten Text generation - HTG) is an open problem with several possible applications across graphic design, document understanding, and image editing. A lot of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Carmine Zaccagnino , Fabio Quattrini , Vittorio Pippi , Silvia Cascianelli , Alessio Tonioni , Rita Cucchiara

Online handwriting generation (OHG) enhances handwriting recognition models by synthesizing diverse, human-like samples. However, existing OHG methods struggle to generate unseen characters, particularly in glyph-based languages like…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Tsai-Ling Huang , Nhat-Tuong Do-Tran , Ngoc-Hoang-Lam Le , Hong-Han Shuai , Ching-Chun Huang

Offline Reinforcement Learning (Offline RL) presents challenges of learning effective decision-making policies from static datasets without any online interactions. Data augmentation techniques, such as noise injection and data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Jaewoo Lee , Sujin Yun , Taeyoung Yun , Jinkyoo Park

This report explores the latest advances in the field of digital document recognition. With the focus on printed document imagery, we discuss the major developments in optical character recognition (OCR) and document image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-12-16 Eugene Borovikov

Sign Language Recognition (SLR) models face significant performance limitations due to insufficient training data availability. In this article, we address the challenge of limited data in SLR by introducing a novel and lightweight sign…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Gaston Gustavo Rios , Pedro Dal Bianco , Franco Ronchetti , Facundo Quiroga , Oscar Stanchi , Santiago Ponte Ahón , Waldo Hasperué