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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in security-sensitive applications, where they must follow system- or developer-specified instructions that define the intended task behavior, while completing benign user requests.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Shawn Li , Chenxiao Yu , Zhiyu Ni , Hao Li , Charith Peris , Chaowei Xiao , Yue Zhao

People tell lies when seeking rewards. Large language models (LLMs) are aligned to human values with reinforcement learning where they get rewards if they satisfy human preference. We find that this also induces dishonesty in helpful and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Youcheng Huang , Jingkun Tang , Duanyu Feng , Zheng Zhang , Wenqiang Lei , Jiancheng Lv , Anthony G. Cohn

Robust, faithful and harm-free pronoun use for individuals is an important goal for language model development as their use increases, but prior work tends to study only one or two of these characteristics at a time. To measure progress…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Vagrant Gautam , Eileen Bingert , Dawei Zhu , Anne Lauscher , Dietrich Klakow

Recent advances in aligning Large Language Models with human preferences have benefited from larger reward models and better preference data. However, most of these methodologies rely on the accuracy of the reward model. The reward models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Debangshu Banerjee , Aditya Gopalan

Safety evaluations of large language models (LLMs) typically report binary outcomes, i.e. attack success rate (ASR), refusal rate, or harmful versus safe classification, which hide how risk changes between prompt and response. We present a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Mengya Hu , Qiong Wei , Sandeep Atluri

System prompts have emerged as a critical control surface for specifying the behavior of LLMs in chat and agent settings. Developers depend on system prompts to specify important context, output format, personalities, guardrails, content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Norman Mu , Jonathan Lu , Michael Lavery , David Wagner

Large Language Models (LLMs) generating unsafe responses to toxic prompts is a significant issue in their applications. While various efforts aim to address this safety concern, previous approaches often demand substantial human data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Yuxiao Lu , Arunesh Sinha , Pradeep Varakantham

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has not only provided numerous opportunities but also presented significant challenges. This becomes particularly evident when LLMs inadvertently generate harmful or toxic content,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Kai Chen , Chunwei Wang , Kuo Yang , Jianhua Han , Lanqing Hong , Fei Mi , Hang Xu , Zhengying Liu , Wenyong Huang , Zhenguo Li , Dit-Yan Yeung , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

Safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) has recently become a critical objective of model developers. In response, a growing body of work has been investigating how safety alignment can be bypassed through various jailbreaking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Jason Vega , Junsheng Huang , Gaokai Zhang , Hangoo Kang , Minjia Zhang , Gagandeep Singh

Large language models are known to hallucinate when faced with unfamiliar queries, but the underlying mechanism that govern how models hallucinate are not yet fully understood. In this work, we find that unfamiliar examples in the models'…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Katie Kang , Eric Wallace , Claire Tomlin , Aviral Kumar , Sergey Levine

Single-prompt accuracy is the dominant way to benchmark language models, but it can miss reliability failures that matter. We evaluate a 15-model open-weight corpus, with the main reliability analyses focused on 10 instruct models across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ranit Karmakar , Jayita Chatterjee

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) raises significant ethical and safety concerns. While LLM alignment techniques are adopted to improve model safety and trustworthiness, adversaries can exploit these techniques to undermine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Rui Zhang , Hongwei Li , Yun Shen , Xinyue Shen , Wenbo Jiang , Guowen Xu , Yang Liu , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

Language models often misinterpret human intentions due to their handling of ambiguity, a limitation well-recognized in NLP research. While morally clear scenarios are more discernible to LLMs, greater difficulty is encountered in morally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Pranav Senthilkumar , Visshwa Balasubramanian , Prisha Jain , Aneesa Maity , Jonathan Lu , Kevin Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are integral to modern AI applications, but their safety alignment mechanisms can be bypassed through adversarial prompt engineering. This study investigates emoji-based jailbreaking, where emoji sequences are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-06 M P V S Gopinadh , S Mahaboob Hussain

Most large language models (LLMs) are sensitive to prompts, and another synonymous expression or a typo may lead to unexpected results for the model. Composing an optimal prompt for a specific demand lacks theoretical support and relies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Zhenyu Zhang , Bingguang Hao , Jinpeng Li , Zekai Zhang , Dongyan Zhao

This work aims to investigate how different Large Language Models (LLMs) alignment methods affect the models' responses to prompt attacks. We selected open source models based on the most common alignment methods, namely, Supervised…

Reinforcement learning has shown remarkable performance in aligning language models with human preferences, leading to the rise of attention towards developing RLHF platforms. These platforms enable users to fine-tune models without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Erfan Entezami , Ali Naseh

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being increasingly integrated into software systems, offering powerful capabilities but also raising concerns about fairness. Existing fairness benchmarks, however, focus on stereotype-specific associations,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Gianmario Voria , Martina De Lucia , Alessandra Raia , Andrea De Lucia , Gemma Catolino , Fabio Palomba

Despite the impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various tasks, their vulnerability to unsafe prompts remains a critical issue. These prompts can lead LLMs to generate responses on illegal or sensitive topics, posing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Jinseok Kim , Jaewon Jung , Sangyeop Kim , Sohyung Park , Sungzoon Cho

An interesting behavior in large language models (LLMs) is prompt sensitivity. When provided with different but semantically equivalent versions of the same prompt, models may produce very different distributions of answers. This suggests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Kyle Cox , Jiawei Xu , Yikun Han , Rong Xu , Tianhao Li , Chi-Yang Hsu , Tianlong Chen , Walter Gerych , Ying Ding
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