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Related papers: PRODIGE VI -- Envelope to Disk with NOEMA: VI. The…

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Understanding the formation of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) in interstellar ices is key to constrain the sulfur chemistry in the interstellar medium (ISM), since it is the only ice S-bearing molecule securely detected thus far. Two general…

Sulfur dioxide (SO$_2$) ice has been tentatively detected in protostellar envelopes, but its reliability as a solid-state sulfur reservoir remains unclear. We present new measurements of SO$_2$ ice from 6.8-8.5 $\mu$m toward four Class 0…

Observations indicate that the total abundance of S-bearing species in dense clouds is orders of magnitude lower than the cosmic sulfur abundance. Addressing this "missing sulfur problem" requires a combination of astronomical observations,…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-05-06 O. Sipilä , R. Martín-Doménech , W. Riedel , D. Navarro-Almaida , A. Fuente , A. Taillard , G. M. Muñoz Caro

We investigate the chemical history of interstellar OCS and SO2 by deriving a statistically-significant sample of gas-phase column densities towards massive protostars and comparing to observations of gas and ices towards other sources…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-09-25 Julia C. Santos , Martijn L. van Gelder , Pooneh Nazari , Aida Ahmadi , Ewine F. van Dishoeck

The form of depleted sulphur in dense clouds is still unknown. Until now, only two molecules, OCS and SO2, have been detected in interstellar ices but cannot account for the elemental abundance of sulphur observed in diffuse medium.…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-05 C. Druard , V. Wakelam

The sulfur content in dense molecular regions of the interstellar medium is highly depleted in comparison to diffuse clouds. The reason of this phenomenon is unclear, thus it is necessary to carry out observational studies of sulfur-bearing…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-12-11 N. C. Martinez , S. Paron , M. E. Ortega , A. Petriella , A. Álamo , M. Brook , C. Carballo , T. Heberling

Ice-coated dust grains provide the main reservoir of volatiles that play an important role in planet formation processes and may become incorporated into planetary atmospheres. However, due to observational challenges, the ice abundance…

Volatile elements play a crucial role in the formation of planetary systems. Their abundance and distribution in protoplanetary disks provide vital insights into the connection between formation processes and the atmospheric composition of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-12-22 Luke Keyte , Mihkel Kama , Ko-Ju Chuang , L. Ilsedore Cleeves , Maria N. Drozdovskaya , Kenji Furuya , Jonathan Rawlings , Oliver Shorttle

We have observed the Class I protostellar source Elias 29 with Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). We have detected CS, SO, $^{34}$SO, SO$_2$, and SiO line emissions in a compact component concentrated near the protostar…

Sulfur chemistry in the formation process of low-mass stars and planets remains poorly understood. The protoplanetary disks (PPDs) are the birthplace of planets and its distinctive environment provides an intriguing platform for…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-13 Rong Ma , Donghui Quan , Yan Zhou , Jarken Esimbek , Dalei Li , Xiaohu Li , Xia Zhang , Juan Tuo , Yanan Feng

Sulphur is one of the most abundant elements in the Universe. Surprisingly, sulphuretted molecules are not as abundant as expected in the interstellar medium, and the identity of the main sulphur reservoir is still an open question. Our…

A fraction of the missing sulfur in dense clouds and circumstellar regions could be in the form of three species not yet de- tected in the interstellar medium: H2S2, HS2, and S2 according to experimental simulations performed under…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2016-01-12 R. Martín-Doménech , I. Jiménez-Serra , G. M. Muñoz Caro , H. S. P. Müller , A. Occhiogrosso , L. Testi , P. M. Woods , S. Viti

Gas-phase sulphur bearing volatiles appear to be severely depleted in protoplanetary disks. The detection of CS and non-detections of SO and SO2 in many disks have shown that the gas in the warm molecular layer, where giant planets accrete…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-07-14 A. S. Booth , N. van der Marel , M. Leemker , E. F. van Dishoeck , S. Ohashi

We studied sulfur chemistry of massive star-forming regions through single-dish submillimeter spectroscopy. OCS, O13CS, 13CS, H2S and SO transitions were observed toward a sample of massive star-forming regions with embedded UCH II or CH II…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 Juan Li , Junzhi Wang , Qingfeng Zhu , Jiangshui Zhang , Di Li

We present the first detection in space of O-protonated carbonyl sulfide (\ch{HOCS+}), in the midst of an ultradeep molecular line survey toward the G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud. From the observation of all $K$$_a$ = 0 transitions ranging…

Molecular oxygen has been the subject of many observational searches as chemical models predicted it to be a reservoir of oxygen. Although it has been detected in two regions of the interstellar medium, its rarity is a challenge for…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-06-04 V. Wakelam , M. Ruaud , P. Gratier , I. A. Bonnell

Sulfur-bearing molecules play an important role in prebiotic chemistry and planet habitability. They are also proposed probes of chemical ages, elemental C/O ratio, and grain chemistry processing. Commonly detected in diverse astrophysical…

The evolutionary past of our Solar System can be pieced together by comparing analogous low-mass protostars with remnants of our Protosolar Nebula - comets. Sulphur-bearing molecules may be unique tracers of the joint evolution of the…

According to traditional gas-phase chemical models, O2 should be abundant in molecular clouds, but until recently, attempts to detect interstellar O2 line emission with ground- and space-based observatories have failed. Following the…

We study the astrochemical diagnostics of the isolated massive protostar G28.20-0.05. We analyze data from ALMA 1.3~mm observations with resolution of 0.2 arcsec ($\sim$1,000 au). We detect emission from a wealth of species, including…