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Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents powered by Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) promise human-like interaction with software applications, yet long-horizon tasks remain challenging due to memory limitations. Existing approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zikang Liu , Junyi Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Dawei Gao , Yaliang Li , Ji-rong Wen

The rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) has sparked growing interest in building Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) within Graphical User Interface (GUI) environments. However, existing GUI agents based on LLMs or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Runliang Niu , Jinglong Ji , Yi Chang , Qi Wang

As Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) mature, GUI agents are evolving from static interactions to complex navigation. While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for training MLLM agents on dynamic GUI tasks,…

Mobile GUI agents show promise in automating tasks but face generalization challenges in diverse real-world scenarios. Traditional approaches using pre-training or fine-tuning with massive datasets struggle with the diversity of mobile…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Guangyi Liu , Pengxiang Zhao , Liang Liu , Zhiming Chen , Yuxiang Chai , Shuai Ren , Hao Wang , Shibo He , Wenchao Meng

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents improve through trial-and-error, but when reward is sparse and the agent cannot discover successful action sequences, learning stagnates. This has been a notable problem in training deep RL agents to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Evan Zheran Liu , Kelvin Guu , Panupong Pasupat , Tianlin Shi , Percy Liang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) Agents, benefiting from recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLM), have achieved significant development. However, due to the frequent updates of GUI applications, adapting to new tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Zhenquan Yao , Zitong Huang , Yihan Zeng , Jianhua Han , Hang Xu , Chun-Mei Feng , Jianwei Ma , Wangmeng Zuo

Training large language models (LLMs) as interactive agents for controlling graphical user interfaces (GUIs) presents a unique challenge to optimize long-horizon action sequences with multimodal feedback from complex environments. While…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Fanbin Lu , Zhisheng Zhong , Shu Liu , Chi-Wing Fu , Jiaya Jia

Modern software applications demand efficient and reliable testing methodologies to ensure robust user interface functionality. This paper introduces an autonomous reinforcement learning (RL) agent integrated within a Behavior-Driven…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ali Hassaan Mughal

Graphical user interface (GUI) agents are rapidly progressing toward autonomous interaction and reliable task execution across diverse applications. However, two central challenges remain unresolved: automating the evaluation of agent…

Mobile graphical user interface (GUI) agents enable AI models to autonomously operate smartphones on behalf of users. However, most existing systems focus primarily on optimizing task accuracy and rely on cloud-hosted models for inference,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Runxi Huang , Liyu Zhang , Shengzhong Liu , Xiaomin Ouyang

Language model (LM) agents have gained significant attention for their ability to autonomously complete tasks through interactions with environments, tools, and APIs. LM agents are primarily built with prompt engineering or supervised…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Renxi Wang , Rifo Ahmad Genadi , Bilal El Bouardi , Yongxin Wang , Fajri Koto , Zhengzhong Liu , Timothy Baldwin , Haonan Li

Recently, mobile AI agents have gained increasing attention. Given a task, mobile AI agents can interact with mobile devices in multiple steps and finally form a GUI flow that solves the task. However, existing agents tend to focus on most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Qinzhuo Wu , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang

Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of mobile GUI agents powered by large language models (LLMs), which can autonomously execute diverse device-control tasks based on natural language instructions. The increasing accuracy of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Guohong Liu , Jialei Ye , Jiacheng Liu , Yuanchun Li , Wei Liu , Pengzhi Gao , Jian Luan , Yunxin Liu

Autonomous GUI agents based on vision-language models (VLMs) often assume deterministic environment responses, generating actions without verifying whether previous operations succeeded. In real-world settings with network latency,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Yuzhe Zhang , Xianwei Xue , Xingyong Wu , Mengke Chen , Chen Liu , Xinran He , Run Shao , Feiran Liu , Huanmin Xu , Qiutong Pan , Haiwei Wang

Training Vision-Language Models (VLMs) for Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) agents via Reinforcement Learning (RL) faces critical challenges: environment-based RL requires costly interactions, while environment-free methods struggle with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Jiani Zheng , Lu Wang , Fangkai Yang , Chaoyun Zhang , Lingrui Mei , Wenjie Yin , Qingwei Lin , Dongmei Zhang , Saravan Rajmohan , Qi Zhang

Existing efforts in building Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents largely rely on the training paradigm of supervised fine-tuning on Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). However, this approach not only demands extensive amounts of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Run Luo , Lu Wang , Wanwei He , Longze Chen , Jiaming Li , Xiaobo Xia

Utilizing Graphic User Interface (GUI) for human-computer interaction is essential for accessing a wide range of digital tools. Recent advancements in Vision Language Models (VLMs) highlight the compelling potential to develop versatile…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Wentong Chen , Junbo Cui , Jinyi Hu , Yujia Qin , Junjie Fang , Yue Zhao , Chongyi Wang , Jun Liu , Guirong Chen , Yupeng Huo , Yuan Yao , Yankai Lin , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Graphical User Interface (GUI) action grounding is a critical step in GUI automation that maps language instructions to actionable elements on GUI screens. Most recent works of GUI action grounding leverage large GUI datasets to fine-tune…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Yue Fan , Handong Zhao , Ruiyi Zhang , Yu Shen , Xin Eric Wang , Gang Wu

This paper presents MagicGUI, a foundational mobile GUI agent designed to address critical challenges in perception, grounding, and reasoning within real-world mobile GUI environments. The framework is underpinned by following six key…

Mobile GUI agents can automate smartphone tasks by interacting directly with app interfaces, but how they should communicate with users during execution remains underexplored. Existing systems rely on two extremes: foreground execution,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Jeonghyeon Kim , Byeongjun Joung , Junwon Lee , Joohyung Lee , Taehoon Min , Sunjae Lee