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Independently trained machine learning models tend to learn similar features. Given an ensemble of independently trained models, this results in correlated predictions and common failure modes. Previous attempts focusing on decorrelation of…

Deep neural networks frequently exploit shortcut features, defined as incidental correlations between inputs and labels without causal meaning. Shortcut features undermine robustness and reduce reliability under distribution shifts. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Kai Gu , Weishi Shi

Intelligent systems possess a crucial characteristic of breaking complicated problems into smaller reusable components or parts and adjusting to new tasks using these part representations. However, current part-learners encounter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Gaurav Bhatt , Deepayan Das , Leonid Sigal , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Model learning from class imbalanced training data is a long-standing and significant challenge for machine learning. In particular, existing deep learning methods consider mostly either class balanced data or moderately imbalanced data in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Qi Dong , Shaogang Gong , Xiatian Zhu

We study the problem of learning causal models from observational data through the lens of interpolation and its counterpart -- regularization. A large volume of recent theoretical, as well as empirical work, suggests that, in highly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-21 Leena Chennuru Vankadara , Luca Rendsburg , Ulrike von Luxburg , Debarghya Ghoshdastidar

Mixup refers to interpolation-based data augmentation, originally motivated as a way to go beyond empirical risk minimization (ERM). Its extensions mostly focus on the definition of interpolation and the space (input or feature) where it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Shashanka Venkataramanan , Ewa Kijak , Laurent Amsaleg , Yannis Avrithis

Machine learning algorithms with empirical risk minimization usually suffer from poor generalization performance due to the greedy exploitation of correlations among the training data, which are not stable under distributional shifts.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Jiashuo Liu , Zheyuan Hu , Peng Cui , Bo Li , Zheyan Shen

In deep learning, often the training process finds an interpolator (a solution with 0 training loss), but the test loss is still low. This phenomenon, known as benign overfitting, is a major mystery that received a lot of recent attention.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Mo Zhou , Rong Ge

We study a class of iterated empirical risk minimization (ERM) procedures in which two successive ERMs are performed on the same dataset, and the predictions of the first estimator enter as an argument in the loss function of the second.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-02 Hugo Cui , Yue M. Lu

Imitation learning uses data for training policies to solve complex tasks. However, when the training data is collected from human demonstrators, it often leads to multimodal distributions because of the variability in human actions. Most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Denis Blessing , Onur Celik , Xiaogang Jia , Moritz Reuss , Maximilian Xiling Li , Rudolf Lioutikov , Gerhard Neumann

In self-supervised visual representation learning, a feature extractor is trained on a "pretext task" for which labels can be generated cheaply, without human annotation. A central challenge in this approach is that the feature extractor…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Matthias Minderer , Olivier Bachem , Neil Houlsby , Michael Tschannen

We study the learning properties of nonparametric ridge-less least squares. In particular, we consider the common case of estimators defined by scale dependent kernels, and focus on the role of the scale. These estimators interpolate the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-11 Nicolò Pagliana , Alessandro Rudi , Ernesto De Vito , Lorenzo Rosasco

Neural networks trained with ERM (empirical risk minimization) sometimes learn unintended decision rules, in particular when their training data is biased, i.e., when training labels are strongly correlated with undesirable features. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Inwoo Hwang , Sangjun Lee , Yunhyeok Kwak , Seong Joon Oh , Damien Teney , Jin-Hwa Kim , Byoung-Tak Zhang

Traditional Incremental Learning (IL) targets to handle sequential fully-supervised learning problems where novel classes emerge from time to time. However, due to inherent annotation uncertainty and ambiguity, collecting high-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Rui Wang , Mingxuan Xia , Chang Yao , Lei Feng , Junbo Zhao , Gang Chen , Haobo Wang

Classifiers trained with Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) tend to rely on attributes that have high spurious correlation with the target. This can degrade the performance on underrepresented (or 'minority') groups that lack these…

Prior knowledge and symbolic rules in machine learning are often expressed in the form of label constraints, especially in structured prediction problems. In this work, we compare two common strategies for encoding label constraints in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Kaifu Wang , Hangfeng He , Tin D. Nguyen , Piyush Kumar , Dan Roth

Neural networks trained on real-world datasets with long-tailed label distributions are biased towards frequent classes and perform poorly on infrequent classes. The imbalance in the ratio of positive and negative samples for each class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Kevin Duarte , Yogesh S. Rawat , Mubarak Shah

While many approaches exist in the literature to learn low-dimensional representations for data collections in multiple modalities, the generalizability of multi-modal nonlinear embeddings to previously unseen data is a rather overlooked…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Semih Kaya , Elif Vural

Spurious correlations in the data, where multiple cues are predictive of the target labels, often lead to shortcut learning phenomena, where a model may rely on erroneous, easy-to-learn, cues while ignoring reliable ones. In this work, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Luca Scimeca , Alexander Rubinstein , Armand Mihai Nicolicioiu , Damien Teney , Yoshua Bengio

Controlling the patterns a model learns is essential to preventing reliance on irrelevant or misleading features. Such reliance on irrelevant features, often called shortcut features, has been observed across domains, including medical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Mihnea Ghitu , Vihari Piratla , Matthew Wicker