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We propose an imperceptible multi-bit text watermark embedded by paraphrasing with LLMs. We fine-tune a pair of LLM paraphrasers that are designed to behave differently so that their paraphrasing difference reflected in the text semantics…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Xiaojun Xu , Jinghan Jia , Yuanshun Yao , Yang Liu , Hang Li

Current image watermarking methods are vulnerable to advanced image editing techniques enabled by large-scale text-to-image models. These models can distort embedded watermarks during editing, posing significant challenges to copyright…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shilin Lu , Zihan Zhou , Jiayou Lu , Yuanzhi Zhu , Adams Wai-Kin Kong

Notwithstanding offering convenience and entertainment to society, Deepfake face swapping has caused critical privacy issues with the rapid development of deep generative models. Due to imperceptible artifacts in high-quality synthetic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Tianyi Wang , Mengxiao Huang , Harry Cheng , Bin Ma , Yinglong Wang

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns regarding their potential misuse, particularly in generating fake news and misinformation. To address these risks, watermarking techniques for autoregressive language…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Koichi Nagatsuka , Terufumi Morishita , Yasuhiro Sogawa

The availability of bandwidth for internet access is sufficient enough to communicate digital assets. These digital assets are subjected to various types of threats. [19] As a result of this, protection mechanism required for the protection…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2013-01-23 Mahimn Pandya , Hiren Joshi , Ashish Jani

With the advent of new technologies, using various formats of digital gadgets is becoming widespread. In today's world, where everyday tasks are inevitable without technology, this extensive use of computers paves the way for malicious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Mohammad Mahdi Maghouli , Mohamadreza Fereydooni , Monireh Abdoos , Mojtaba Vahidi-Asl

Watermarking techniques offer a promising way to identify machine-generated content via embedding covert information into the contents generated from language models (LMs). However, the robustness of the watermarking schemes has not been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Junfeng Guo , Heng Huang

Authorship attribution aims to identify the author of a text based on the stylometric analysis. Authorship obfuscation, on the other hand, aims to protect against authorship attribution by modifying a text's style. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Asad Mahmood , Zubair Shafiq , Padmini Srinivasan

A generative AI model can generate extremely realistic-looking content, posing growing challenges to the authenticity of information. To address the challenges, watermark has been leveraged to detect AI-generated content. Specifically, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhengyuan Jiang , Jinghuai Zhang , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

AI-powered generative models have significantly expanded the possibilities for editing, manipulating, and creating high-quality images. Particularly, images that falsely appear to originate from trusted sources pose a serious threat,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Mathias Graf , Marco Willi , Melanie Mathys , Michael Aerni , Christian Schwarzer , Martin Melchior , Michael H. Graber

Watermarking is a key technique for detecting AI-generated text. In this work, we study its vulnerabilities and introduce the Smoothing Attack, a novel watermark removal method. By leveraging the relationship between the model's confidence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Hongyan Chang , Hamed Hassani , Reza Shokri

Backdoor attack aims to deceive a victim model when facing backdoor instances while maintaining its performance on benign data. Current methods use manual patterns or special perturbations as triggers, while they often overlook the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Ruofei Wang , Renjie Wan , Zongyu Guo , Qing Guo , Rui Huang

Graph-structured datasets are increasingly central to sensitive applications spanning social networks, biomedical research, and cryptographic systems. As organizations share these datasets with trusted parties for collaborative analysis,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Alexander Nemecek , Emre Yilmaz , Erman Ayday

Nowadays, deep neural networks are used for solving complex tasks in several critical applications and protecting both their integrity and intellectual property rights (IPR) has become of utmost importance. To this end, we advance WaterMAS,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Carl De Sousa Trias , Mihai Mitrea , Attilio Fiandrotti , Marco Cagnazzo , Sumanta Chaudhuri , Enzo Tartaglione

Code obfuscation is a popular approach to turn program comprehension and analysis harder, with the aim of mitigating threats related to malicious reverse engineering and code tampering. However, programming languages that compile to high…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-01-16 Davide Pizzolotto , Mariano Ceccato

Code Summarization Model (CSM) has been widely used in code production, such as online and web programming for PHP and Javascript. CSMs are essential tools in code production, enhancing software development efficiency and driving innovation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jiale Zhang , Haoxuan Li , Di Wu , Xiaobing Sun , Qinghua Lu , Guodong Long

We study watermarking schemes for language models with provable guarantees. As we show, prior works offer no robustness guarantees against adaptive prompting: when a user queries a language model more than once, as even benign users do. And…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Aloni Cohen , Alexander Hoover , Gabe Schoenbach

The intellectual property (IP) of Deep neural networks (DNNs) can be easily ``stolen'' by surrogate model attack. There has been significant progress in solutions to protect the IP of DNN models in classification tasks. However, little…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Jie Zhang , Dongdong Chen , Jing Liao , Han Fang , Zehua Ma , Weiming Zhang , Gang Hua , Nenghai Yu

The widespread use of AI-generated content from diffusion models has raised significant concerns regarding misinformation and copyright infringement. Watermarking is a crucial technique for identifying these AI-generated images and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Wenda Li , Huijie Zhang , Qing Qu

To avoid detection, adversaries often use command-line obfuscation. There are numerous techniques of the command-line obfuscation, all designed to alter the command-line syntax without affecting its original functionality. This variability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Vojtech Outrata , Michael Adam Polak , Martin Kopp