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Evaluating Computer Use Agents (CUAs) on interactive environments is fraught with methodological pitfalls that the field has yet to systematically address. We show that a 1MB replay script that blindly executes a recorded action sequence…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Pierluca D'Oro , Sneha Silwal , William Wong , Yuxuan Sun , Fanyi Xiao , Manchen Wang , Eric Gan , Allen Bolourchi , Joseph Tighe

In recent years, agentic artificial intelligence (AI) systems are becoming increasingly widespread. These systems allow agents to use various tools, such as web browsers, compilers, and more. However, despite their popularity, agentic AI…

LLM-powered computer-use agents (CUAs) are shifting users from direct manipulation to supervisory coordination. Existing oversight mechanisms, however, have largely been studied as isolated interface features, making broader oversight…

An Artificial Intelligence (AI) agent is a software entity that autonomously performs tasks or makes decisions based on pre-defined objectives and data inputs. AI agents, capable of perceiving user inputs, reasoning and planning tasks, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Zehang Deng , Yongjian Guo , Changzhou Han , Wanlun Ma , Junwu Xiong , Sheng Wen , Yang Xiang

Computer-use agents (CUAs) automate on-screen work, as illustrated by GPT-5.4 and Claude. Yet their reliability on complex, low-frequency interactions is still poor, limiting user trust. Our analysis of failure cases from advanced models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Miaosen Zhang , Xiaohan Zhao , Zhihong Tan , Zhou Huoshen , Yijia Fan , Yifan Yang , Kai Qiu , Bei Liu , Justin Wagle , Chenzhong Yin , Mingxi Cheng , Ji Li , Qi Dai , Chong Luo , Xu Yang , Xin Geng , Baining Guo

Personal AI agents like OpenClaw run with elevated privileges on users' local machines, where a single successful prompt injection can leak credentials, redirect financial transactions, or destroy files. This threat goes well beyond…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Bowen Wei , Yunbei Zhang , Jinhao Pan , Kai Mei , Xiao Wang , Jihun Hamm , Ziwei Zhu , Yingqiang Ge

Evolving AI systems increasingly deploy multi-agent architectures where autonomous agents collaborate, share information, and delegate tasks through developing protocols. This connectivity, while powerful, introduces novel security risks.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Gauri Sharma , Vidhi Kulkarni , Miles King , Ken Huang

Autonomous browsing agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to automate web-based tasks. However, their reliance on dynamic content, tool execution, and user-provided data exposes them to a broad attack surface.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Mykyta Mudryi , Markiyan Chaklosh , Grzegorz Wójcik

Computer-use agents (CUAs) that interact with real computer systems can perform automated tasks but face critical safety risks. Ambiguous instructions may trigger harmful actions, and adversarial users can manipulate tool execution to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Tianyu Chen , Chujia Hu , Ge Gao , Dongrui Liu , Xia Hu , Wenjie Wang

While current Computer Use Agent (CUA) benchmarks measure task completion effectively, they provide limited assessment of enterprise deployment readiness, emphasizing functional correctness over the operational reliability required for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Horia Cristescu , Charles Park , Trong Canh Nguyen , Sergiu Talmacel , Alexandru-Gabriel Ilie , Stefan Adam

Embedded into information systems, artificial intelligence (AI) faces security threats that exploit AI-specific vulnerabilities. This paper provides an accessible overview of adversarial attacks unique to predictive and generative AI…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Naoto Kiribuchi , Kengo Zenitani , Takayuki Semitsu

AI agents are beginning to interact with each other directly and across internet platforms and physical environments, creating security challenges beyond traditional cybersecurity and AI safety frameworks. Free-form protocols are essential…

Computer-use agents extend language models from text generation to persistent action over tools, files, and execution environments. Unlike chat systems, they maintain state across interactions and translate intermediate outputs into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yunhao Feng , Yifan Ding , Yingshui Tan , Xingjun Ma , Yige Li , Yutao Wu , Yifeng Gao , Kun Zhai , Yanming Guo

Computer-Using Agents (CUA) enable users to automate increasingly-complex tasks using graphical interfaces such as browsers. As many potential tasks require personal data, we propose Computer-Using Personal Agents (CUPAs) that have access…

Visual language modeling for automated driving is emerging as a promising research direction with substantial improvements in multimodal reasoning capabilities. Despite its advanced reasoning abilities, VLM-AD remains vulnerable to serious…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Dehong Kong , Sifan Yu , Siyuan Liang , Jiawei Liang , Jianhou Gan , Aishan Liu , Wenqi Ren

AI agents have been boosted by large language models. AI agents can function as intelligent assistants and complete tasks on behalf of their users with access to tools and the ability to execute commands in their environments. Through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Yifeng He , Ethan Wang , Yuyang Rong , Zifei Cheng , Hao Chen

Vision-language models have demonstrated impressive capabilities as computer-use agents (CUAs) capable of automating diverse computer tasks. As their commercial potential grows, critical details of the most capable CUA systems remain…

While automated vehicles (AVs) are expected to revolutionize future transportation systems, emerging AV technologies open a door for malicious actors to compromise intelligent vehicles. As the first generation of AVs, adaptive cruise…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-01-15 Shian Wang , Mingfeng Shang , Raphael Stern

Modern AI-powered Integrated Development Environments (AI-IDEs) are increasingly defined by an Agent-centric architecture, where an LLM-powered Agent is deeply integrated to autonomously execute complex tasks. This tight integration,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Xinpeng Liu , Junming Liu , Peiyu Liu , Han Zheng , Qinying Wang , Mathias Payer , Shouling Ji , Wenhai Wang

This chapter introduces the concept of Autonomous Intelligent Cyber-defense Agents (AICAs), and briefly explains the importance of this field and the motivation for its emergence. AICA is a software agent that resides on a system, and is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Alexander Kott